Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

Original: http://www.enmotech.com/web/detail/1/749/1.html (copy the link and open the browser to view it)

Introduction: Nginx is a HTTP and reverse proxy service, a mail proxy service, a general TCP/UDP proxy service. Nginx can provide HTTP, reverse proxy service, mail proxy service, general TCP/UDP proxy service. The micro server of Cloud and Enmo's zCloud database cloud management platform uses Nginx to provide HTTP services, and uses nginx as an internal reverse proxy to solve the problem of downloading related components and files during automatic deployment and installation.

What is Nginx?

Nginx is a HTTP and reverse proxy service, a mail proxy service, and a general TCP/UDP proxy service.

Basic functions of Nginx

The basic functions of Nginx can be divided into three categories: basic HTTP services, advanced HTTP services and mailing services.

The basic HTTP service provided by Nginx can be used as HTTP proxy server and reverse proxy server to accelerate access through cache; provide cache through FastCGI,uwsgi,SCGI to support load balancing and disaster recovery; support SSL and TLS SNI protocols.

Nginx provides advanced HTTP services, virtual server based on name and IP, access control based on IP, password and sub-request, support for FLV and MP4 media transmission, embedded perl language, etc.

Nginx supports IMAP and POP3 proxy service functions as a mail proxy server; user authentication is performed through an external HTTP authentication server and connections are redirected to the internal SMTP server.

Why did we choose Nginx?

Why choose Nginx, it is necessary to compare with Apache server. Apache, the ancestor of WEB server, uses synchronous blocking, multi-process model, one connection corresponds to one process, and high concurrency will consume a lot of memory, and inter-process switching will also consume a lot of CPU resources. Nginx adopts asynchronous non-blocking working model, which has the characteristics of high concurrency and low resource consumption. Highly modular design makes Nginx have good expansibility. Nginx shows great advantages in dealing with static files, reverse proxy requests and so on.

From the latest statistics of netcraft website, we can see that the share of Nginx is gradually increasing. The amount of Apache is getting closer and closer.

Advantages of Nginx

First of all, Nginx supports high concurrency while resource consumption is much lower than other servers. According to statistics, 10000 inactive HTTP connections consume only 2.5m memory in nginx, with a peak of 10W connections.

Support for hot deployment, Master management process and worker worker process separate design, so that Nginx can provide hot deployment capabilities.

High reliable performance of the major websites to choose the basic conditions of Nginx, many high-traffic website core servers are large-scale use of Nginx.

BSD license not only allows free use, but also allows users to directly use or modify nginx source code in their own projects.

The advantages of Nginx do not stop there. We look forward to your discovery.

Install Nginx

Get Nginx

Various versions of http://nginx.org/en/download.html can be downloaded from the official nginx website. You can see that there are mainstream versions (Mainline version), development versions, stable versions (Stableversion) and out-of-date versions (Legacy versions).

Compile and install Nginx

Compiling Nginx source code requires a standard gcc compiler and automake to complete the work of national makefile, relying on some third-party libraries, such as pcre library (supporting rewrite module), zlib library (supporting gzip module) and openssl library (supporting ssl module).

Yum-y install gcc automake make pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel

After downloading the file and decompressing it, you can see the following directory:

[root@lsl-test1 nginx-1.16.0] $ls-ltotal 752drwxr-xr-x. 6 1001 1001 4096 Jun 18 23:19 auto-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 296223 Apr 23 21:13 CHANGES-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 451813 Apr 23 21:13 CHANGES.rudrwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 168 Jun 18 23:19 conf-rwxr-xr-x. 1 1001 1001 2502 Apr 23 21:12 configuredrwxr-xr-x. 4 1001 1001 72 Jun 18 23:19 contribdrwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 40 Jun 18 23:19 html-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 1397 Apr 23 21:12 LICENSEdrwxr-xr-x. 2 1001 1001 21 Jun 18 23:19 man-rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 49 Apr 23 21:12 READMEdrwxr-xr-x. 9 1001 1001 91 Jun 18 23:19 src

The Auto directory contains a large number of script files related to configure scripts:

The CHANGES file stores the changes to this version. CHANGE.ru is a Russian description because Nginx was developed by the Russians; the conf directory contains configuration files; the configure file is an automatic script for Nginx software, the inspection environment and the makefile files needed to generate compiled code; contrib stores several special scripts with instructions in the directory readme; html stores two static web page files of .html; man stores Nginx software help documents The src directory stores the source code of the Nginx software.

You can take a look at the configuration help. Each parameter is followed by an explanation in English.

[root@lsl-test1 nginx-1.16.0] $. / configure-- help-- help print this message-- prefix=PATH set installation prefix-- sbin-path=PATH set nginx binary pathname-- modules-path=PATH set modules path-- conf-path=PATH set nginx.conf pathname-- error-log-path=PATH set error log pathname-- pid-path=PATH set nginx.pid pathname-- lock-path=PATH set nginx.lock pathname-user=USER set non-privileged user for worker processes-- group=GROUP set non-privileged group for worker processes-- build=NAME set build name-- builddir=DIR set build directory.

Use configure script to generate make file

[root@lsl-test1 nginx-1.16.0] $. / configure-- sbin-path=/nginx/nginx-- conf-path=/nginx/nginx.conf-- user=nginx

Compiling source code with make

Make

Make install install Nginx

Make install

Start Nginx after compilation and installation is complete

[root@lsl-test1 contrib] $nginx [root@lsl-test1 contrib] $ps-ef | grep nginxroot 8264 1 0 23:30? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginxnginx 8265 8264 0 23:30? 00:00:00 nginx: worker processroot 9068 2726 0 23:47 pts/1 00:00:00 grep-- color=auto nginx

Can you use -? Or-h to view Nginx specific command parameters

[root@lsl-test1] $nginx-hnginx version: nginx/1.15.12Usage: nginx [-? hvVtTq] [- s signal] [- c filename] [- p prefix] [- g directives] Options: -,-h: this help-v: show version and exit-V: show version and configure options then exit-t: test configuration and exit-T: test configuration, dump it and exit-Q: suppress non-error messages during configuration testing-s signal: send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen Reload-p prefix: set prefix path (default: / etc/nginx/)-c filename: set configuration file (default: / etc/nginx/nginx.conf)-g directives: set global directives out of configuration file

Nginx composition

Document composition

The compiled Nginx main files are composed of Nginx binary executable file, nginx.conf configuration file, access.log access log and error.log error log.

Here we mainly talk about the nginx.conf configuration file. The way Nginx and its modules work is determined by the configuration file. The configuration file defaults to nginx.conf and is placed in the / usr/local/nginx/conf, / etc/nginx, or / usr/local/etc/nginx directory.

Here is a default configuration file for Nginx initialization

User nginx;worker_processes auto;error_log / var/log/nginx/error.log;pid / run/nginx.pid;# Load dynamic modules. See / usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.include / usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;events {worker_connections 1024;} http {log_format main'$remote_addr-$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer"'"$http_user_agent"$http_x_forwarded_for"; access_log / var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65 Types_hash_max_size 2048; include / etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; # Load modular configuration files from the / etc/nginx/conf.d directory. # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include # for more information. Include / etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; server {listen 80 default_server; listen [:]: 80 default_server; server_name _; root / usr/share/nginx/html; # Load configuration files for the default server block. Include / etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf; location / {} error_page 404 / 404.html; location = / 40x.html {} error_page 500502 503504 / 50x.html; location = / 50x.html {}}.}

The configuration file consists of instructions and instruction blocks, each instruction ends with a semicolon, instructions and parameters are separated by spaces, instructions quickly organize multiple instructions together with curly braces {}, and include statements can combine multiple configuration files. Use # to add comments to improve formability. Use the $symbol to get the variable.

Let's take a look at the role of each instruction block of nginx.conf.

1) Global block

A global block is part of the default profile from the beginning to the events block, such as some of the default profiles excerpted below. Mainly set some configuration quality that affects the overall operation of the Nginx server, usually including running users, the number of working processes, pid storage path, log path and configuration files, and so on.

User nginx;worker_processes auto;error_log / var/log/nginx/error.log;pid / run/nginx.pid;# Load dynamic modules. See / usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.include / usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf

2) events instruction block

The Events block design instruction mainly affects the connection between the Nginx and the user network, including whether it is allowed to receive multiple network connections at the same time, which event-driven model to process the request, and the maximum number of connections supported by each worker process.

3) http instruction block

The Http instruction block is an important part of the Nginx server configuration. The Http instruction block can contain its own global block or multiple server instruction blocks, and the server instruction block can contain location instruction blocks. MIME_TYPE can be defined in the Http global block, file introduction, custom log, connection timeout, maximum number of connection requests, and so on.

4) server instruction block

Server instruction blocks can contain multiple location instruction blocks, and the most common configuration is to listen for port configuration and service names or IP addresses.

5) location instruction block

The Location instruction block can process specific requests. Address orientation, data caching and reply control are all implemented in this part.

Process composition

The Nginx background process has a main process and several working processes. The role of the main process is to read and evaluate the configuration and maintain the worker process. The worker process processes the request. Nginx relies on the event model and operating system mechanisms to effectively distribute requests between worker processes. The number of worker processes is configured in the configuration file, and can be modified to a given configuration or dynamically adjusted according to the number of CPU cores.

[root@lslt ~] # ps-ef | grep nginx | grep-v greproot 21960 10 Jun12? 00:00:00 nginx: master process / usr/sbin/nginxnginx 21961 21960 0 Jun12? 00:00:00 nginx: worker processnginx 21962 21960 0 Jun12? 00:00:00 nginx: worker processnginx 21963 21960 0 Jun12? 00:00:00 nginx: worker processnginx 21964 21960 Jun12? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process

You can see that the actual running process worker process and the number of configuration files are the same.

[root@lslt ~] # cat / etc/nginx/nginx.conf | grep workworker_processes 4 partner workerboards connections 1024

Why does Nginx adopt the mode of separating the management process from the worker process? The main benefits are as follows:

1) the main process does not provide services to user requests, but is only used to manage the worker process that provides services, so the main process can be unique and can start and stop services, reload configuration files, smooth upgrade procedures, and so on. The main process needs to have larger permissions, and the permissions of the worker process should be less than or equal to the main process, so that the main process can fully manage the worker process. When an error occurs in any worker process, the main process can start a new worker process to continue the service.

2) multiple working processes can provide robustness, and when one process is abnormal, other processes can handle requests normally. More importantly, multi-core concurrent processing can be realized. It is generally recommended that the number of worker processes is equal to the number of CPU cores, so that each worker process is bound to the CPU core and the switching cost between processes is minimum.

About zCloud

Cloud and Enmo zCloud database cloud service management platform is used to help customers implement database services in enterprise private cloud or industry cloud in a lower cost, faster way and more secure strategy.

On the basis of realizing the cloud of database resources, zCloud realizes the automation and intelligent operation and maintenance of the database through standardization, automation and intelligence, reduces the daily operation and maintenance work of the database maintenance personnel in large enterprises, makes the database operation and maintenance personnel reduce the passive fire fighting work, enhances the stability of the database operation and improves the performance, so as to meet the SLA requirements of the database cloud platform for database services.

At present, zCloud has best practice cases in finance, operators, government and other fields to help organizations build a stable and efficient database management platform.

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