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Partitioning is the process of splitting data into multiple Redis instances, so each instance holds only a subset of the key. What the editor shares with you today is what are the benefits of redis partition? The detailed introduction of redis partition, many people do not understand, today the editor in order to let you know more, so give you a summary of the following content, let's look down. I'm sure you'll get something.

Why are we zoning? What is the motivation for zoning? Generally speaking, the benefits of Redis partitioning are roughly the following two aspects:

1. With the improvement of performance, the network capacity and computing resources of stand-alone Redis are limited. Distributing requests to multiple machines and making full use of the computing power of multiple machines can help to improve the overall service capability of Redis.

2. Horizontal expansion of storage, even if the service capacity of Redis can meet the needs of applications, with the increase of data storage, a single machine is limited by the storage capacity of the machine itself, so that Redis services can be scaled horizontally by distributing data to multiple machines.

In general, partitioning makes it no longer a problem that we are limited by the hardware resources of a single computer, and there is not enough storage? Not enough computing resources? Not enough bandwidth? We can all solve these problems by adding machines.

Redis Partition Foundation

There are many partition-specific strategies in practical application. For example, suppose we already have a set of four Redis instances, R0, R1, R2, R3, and we have a batch of keys that represent users, such as user:1,user:2,... Wait, wait,

How do I do that? One of the easiest ways to do this is range partitioning (range partitioning). Let's take a look at what we can do based on scope partitioning.

Range partition

Range partitioning means that all key within a range are mapped to the same Redis instance and added to the dataset or the user data mentioned above, as follows:

We can map the user data of user ID from 0 to 10000 to R0 instance, and the object of user ID from 10001 to 20000 to R1 instance, and so on.

Although this method is simple, it is very effective in practical application, but there are still some problems:

1. We need a table to store the mapping of user ID range to Redis instance, for example, user ID0-10000 is mapped to R0 instance.

2. We not only need to maintain this table, but also need such a table for each object type. For example, we currently store user information, and if we store order information, we need to build another mapping table.

3. What if the key of the data we want to store cannot be divided by scope? for example, if our key is a group of uuid, it is difficult to use range partitioning at this time.

Hash partition

One of the obvious advantages of hash partition over range partition is that hash partition is suitable for any form of key, unlike range partition, which requires key in the form of object_name:, and the partition method is very simple, a formula can be expressed:

Id=hash (key)% N

Where id represents the number of Redis instances, and the formula describes how to first calculate a numeric value based on key and a hash function (such as crc32 function). Moving on to the above example, our first key to deal with is user:1,hash (user:1) with a result of 93024922.

The hash result is then modeled in order to calculate a value between 0 and 3 so that this value can be mapped to one of our Redis instances. For example, if the result of 93024922% 4 is 2, we will know that foobar will be stored on R2.

Different partition implementations

Partitions can be implemented in different parts of the redis software stack. Let's take a look at the following:

Client implementation

The client implementation, that is, key determines which Redis instance will be stored on the redis client, as shown below:

Agent implementation

Proxy implementation means that the client sends the request to the proxy server, and the proxy server implements the Redis protocol, so the proxy server can communicate between the client and the Redis server. The proxy server forwards the client's request to the correct Redis instance through the configured partition schema and returns the feedback message to the client.

The schematic diagram of the Redis partition implemented by the agent is as follows:

Query routing

Query routing is a Redis partitioning method implemented by Redis Cluster:

In the process of querying the route, we can randomly send the query request to any Redis instance, which is responsible for forwarding the request to the correct Redis instance. The Redis cluster implements a query routing through hybrid that cooperates with the client.

Disadvantages of Redis Partition

Although Redis partitions have so far been so far so good, Redis partitions have some fatal shortcomings, which result in some Redis features that don't work well in partitioned environments. Let's take a look:

1. Multi-key operations are not supported, for example, the keys we want to operate in batches are mapped to different Redis instances.

2. Multi-key Redis transactions are not supported.

3. The minimum granularity of partitions is keys, so we cannot map large datasets associated to one key to different instances.

4. When partitioning is applied, the processing of data is very complex. For example, we need to deal with multiple rdb/aof files and gather files distributed in different instances for backup.

5. Adding and removing machines is very complex. For example, Redis clusters support almost transparent rebalancing that needs to be done to add or decrease machines at run time, but this function is not supported in ways such as client and agent partitioning.

Persistent storage or caching

Although data partitioning is conceptually the same for both persistent data storage and caching for Redis, there is still a big limitation to persistent data storage.

When we use Redis as persistent storage, each key must always be mapped to the same Redis instance. When Redis is used as a cache, for this key, if one instance is not available, the key can also be mapped to other instances.

Consistent hashing implementations usually make it possible to map a key to another instance when the instance to which it is mapped is not available. Similarly, if you add a machine, part of the key will be mapped to the new machine. Here are two things we need to know:

1. If Redis is used as a cache and it is easy to add or delete machines, it is very easy to use consistent hashing.

2. If Redis is used as (persistent) storage, a fixed key-to-instance mapping is required, so we no longer have the flexibility to add or remove machines. Otherwise, we need to be able to rebalace when adding or deleting machines, which is currently supported by Redis Cluster.

Pre-Sharding

From the above introduction, we know that Redis partitions are problematic when applied, and unless we only use Redis as a cache, it is very troublesome to add or delete machines.

However, usually our Redis capacity changes are very common in practical applications. For example, I need 10 Redis machines today and maybe 50 machines tomorrow.

Given that Redis is a very lightweight service (only 1m per instance), a simple solution to the above problem is:

We can open multiple Redis instances, even though it is a physical machine, we can also open multiple instances at the beginning. We can select some instances, such as 32 or 64 instances, as our working cluster. When there is not enough storage on a physical machine, we can move the general instances to our second physical machine, and in turn, we can ensure that the number of Redis instances in the cluster remains the same and achieve the purpose of expanding the machines.

How to move Redis instances? When you need to move the Redis instance to a separate machine, you can do this by following the steps below:

1. Start a new Redis instance on the new physical machine.

2. Take the new physical machine as the slave machine to be moved.

3. Stop the client.

4. Update the IP address of the Redis instance to be moved.

5. Send SLAVEOF ON ONE commands to slave machines.

6. Start the Redis client with the new IP.

7. Close the Redis instance that is no longer in use.

What are the benefits of redis partitioning? A brief introduction to the redis partition, of course, the detailed use of the above differences still have to be used by everyone to understand. If you want to know more, welcome to follow the industry information channel!

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