Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

At startup, the parameter files are read sequentially in the specified directory: SPFILESID.ora, SPFILE.ora, initSID.ora, Init.ora.

There are four states of database: shutdown (database and instance are closed), NOMOUNT (instance startup, that is, memory has been allocated, background process has been started, database is closed, that is, database file is not open), MOUNT (control file is opened on the basis of NOMOUNT, but user table file is not opened), OPEN (instance and database are all open). The reason for knowing the status is that when using RMAN for backup, the database should be in the specified state

Startup method: startup [NOMOUNT | MOUNT | OPEN]. If you don't add any parameters, you will enter the OPEN state. You can also use the startup restricted command, so that only users with restricted session permissions can log in, which can be used for maintenance operations. You can also follow the startup with a static parameter file to specify memory size, control files, etc.

Shutdown method: shutdown immediate is commonly used

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