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Brown dwarfs have a small mass and limited nuclear reaction intensity, so less than 10% of brown dwarfs produce radio waves, while ultra-low temperature brown dwarfs are usually more difficult to produce radio waves. But recently, scientists have discovered that a brown dwarf that is cooler than a bonfire can also emit radio waves.

(Noa Leach / tr. by Phil Newell)

Translation | Mai Li

Editor | Wen Jing

The original article is published in Science focus, No. 11, 2023.

Scientists have discovered a brown dwarf star. Its brightness may not be the brightest, but its luminous mechanism is very special. Astronomers at the University of Sydney in Australia have discovered the coldest brown dwarf on record that emits radio waves, according to an article published in the Astrophysical Journal (The Astrophysical Journal).

Extremely low-temperature brown dwarfs that produce radio waves are rare studies have shown that the surface temperature of this small gaseous spherical object, which scientists call T8 Dwarf WISE J062309.94 − 045624.6, is only 425 ℃, which is lower than that of an ordinary bonfire. By comparison, the temperature of 5600 ℃ on the sun's surface is quite high.

"it is a remarkable discovery to observe that this brown dwarf can also produce radio waves at such a low temperature." Said Kovi Rose, the lead author of the paper and a doctoral student at the University of Sydney's School of Physics.

According to Ross, "it is very rare for ultra-low temperature brown dwarfs like this to produce radio waves. Because according to the dynamic characteristics of these brown dwarfs, their magnetic fields are usually not enough for scientists to detect radio waves on Earth." Radio waves can convey a lot of information about the composition, structure and motion of celestial bodies. However, less than 10% of brown dwarfs can generate radio waves.

Scientists hope the discovery will enrich our understanding of cryogenic brown dwarfs, including how they evolve and generate magnetic fields.

The livability of exoplanets can be judged by radio waves. T8 Dwarf WISE J062309.94 − 045624.6 is about 37 light-years from Earth. It is smaller than Jupiter, but 444 times heavier than Jupiter, the gaseous giant of the solar system-brown dwarfs usually have a mass of 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter. The brown dwarf was first discovered by American astronomers in 2011, but at the time, scientists discovered this particular object by analyzing infrared spectra rather than radio waves.

Using data from the Australian Square kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope in Western Australia, scientists have found a series of unusual or known objects showing unusual characteristics. This study is one of them.

Professor Tara Murphy, another participant in the study, said: "when we use radio waves as a window to observe the outside world, our understanding of the celestial bodies around us will be greatly improved, and we will even be able to understand the livability of their exoplanetary systems."

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