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The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics was announced on October 3, and three physicists shared the highest prize in physics-Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Klaus and Anne Lullier. In recognition of their experimental method of generating attosecond light pulses to study the electron dynamics of matter.

For this very short light, the little carpenter is still sorting out the information. When I straighten it out and understand it, I will share it with you. This hot spot is a little out of reach!

Did you know that the first Nobel Prize in Physics went to a physicist who discovered new electromagnetic waves?

William Conrad Roentgen, in recognition of his discovery of "a new kind of ray"-X-Ray. In honor of his great discovery, X-Ray was also named Roentgen radiation, and the unit of measurement of radiation is also Roentgen.

In the article "the most easy-to-understand basis of electromagnetic waves", we introduce in detail electromagnetic waves, which exist most widely in the universe, including light waves visible to our naked eyes, as well as radio waves for all kinds of communications. it also includes all kinds of cosmic rays-X-rays, gamma rays and so on. The electromagnetic wave spectrum is shown in the following figure.

At this point, some students may have questions: why didn't Maxwell win the Nobel Prize? I think the main reason is that the greatest scientist in the field of electromagnetic waves died too early. Maxwell (June 13, 1831-November 5, 1879) when he died, the Nobel Prize had not yet been established, and the Nobel Prize was awarded only to the living. But the first Nobel Prize in Physics awarded "a new electromagnetic wave" is enough to prove the greatness of the cause in which Maxwell laid the foundation. It is needless to say that Roentgen rays are of great significance to our lives now. There are applications of this "new" electromagnetic wave in medical treatment, industry and life.

After Roentgen, dozens of physicists who won the Nobel Prize in physics are more or less directly related to the study of electromagnetic waves, including Lorentz, Marconi, Carl Ferdinand Braun, William Shockley and so on.

In the X-ray field discovered by Roentgen alone, nearly 25 scientists have won Nobel Prizes.

Today, let's meet William Roentgen, an old man who studies electromagnetic waves.

The life of William Roentgen on March 27, 1845, on an ordinary day in human history, a little boy was born in a mediocre textile shop in Rennapp, Germany. There were no auspicious clouds in the sky and no magic birds on the roof. The little boy's father gave him the name William, which is also a very common foreign name, plus his surname is William Conrad Roentgen and Wilhelm Conrad R ö ntgen in German.

Little William is also a carefree child, although there is no "son does not learn to break the machine", I think the main reason is that although the home is in the textile business, the machine has been replaced by the steam loom invented by Watt. But when William was three years old, the family moved to Apaldoren, the Netherlands, a town in central Holland.

Here, William Jr. studied at Martinez Herman Van Doren College. Later, he was only admitted to the technical school, the Utrecht Institute of Technology, and was expelled from this technical school for drawing caricatures for a teacher.

So, looking old at the age of three is a complete bluff. As long as you work hard, it's never too late. At the age of 20, William began to work hard and studied hard, and finally entered the University of Utrecht to study mechanical engineering at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. In 1869, at the age of 24, he received a doctorate in physics from the University of Zurich.

So Niu people tend to make efforts in the later stage, and when they were smart, they often became an example of "injuring Zhongyong".

Little William also became what people call the child of someone else, and step by step he was promoted to Doctor R ö ntgen, Dr. Roentgen.

Next, we use the name Roentgen to tell the inspirational story of William Conrad Rontgen's career.

Rontgen became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg in 1874, a professor at the Hohenheim Agricultural College in 1875, a professor of physics at the University of Strasbourg in 1876, head of the Department of Physics at the University of Gieson in 1879, head of the Department of Physics at the University of Wurzburg in 1888, and head of the Department of Physics at the University of Munich in 1900 at the repeated request of the Bavarian government.

The open life is not only promoted year after year, but also the position. He moved from a lecturer to a professor at an agricultural college, then qu Jiuguo became a professor at the former university, and finally became head of the physics department of the University of Munich under the Bavarian government.

Do you know how good this physics department of the University of Munich is? As of October 2020, a total of 43 alumni and faculty have won Nobel Prizes, ranking 16th in the global ranking of university Nobel Prizes. Max Planck, Max Webber, Werner Heisenberg, Ohm, Hertz, Bei Shizhang and others have studied and taught here. Ferenc Klaus, who won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics, is also a professor of physics at the University of Munich.

On November 8, 1895, when Roentgen was teaching at the University of W ü rzburg in Germany, he observed a faint light on a screen coated with barium platinite near the ray tube while conducting a cathode ray experiment. He was convinced that the light was a new ray that had not yet been known, and on December 8, a month later, Roentgen completed a preliminary experimental report, "A New Ray." And published in Physcial-Medical Society magazine in W ü rzburg. For this new unknown ray, Roentgen uses the X that represents the unknown number, that is, X-ray. In spite of this, many scientists still use the name Roentgen, which is called Roentgen Ray.

Based on this, Roentgen won the first Nobel Prize in Physics.

The New World discovered by Columbus sparked a wave of immigrants from Europe. Roentgen had plans to emigrate to the United States and had accepted an invitation from Columbia University in New York and bought a ticket. But the outbreak of World War I changed his plans and continued his unfinished business at the University of Munich in Germany. On February 10, 1923, Roentgen, 78, died of visceral cancer. Although there was no evidence at the time that X-Ray was the culprit of cancer. But I think I have been more or less affected by this kind of ionizing radiation.

X-Ray found that there are thousands of excuses for vulgar life, and open life has one thing in common-careful observation, if you add an adjective, that is persistent careful observation.

Both Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction and Roentgen's discovery of X-rays are inseparable from unremitting and careful observation.

In his experiments in 1869, physicist John William Sitov observed that rays emitted by the cathode of vacuum tubes produce fluorescence on the walls of glass tubes, and in 1876 they were named "cathode rays" by Eugen Goldstein. Then British physicist Crooks studied the energy release in rare gases and invented the Crookes tube. In this vacuum tube, there is an electrode that can produce a high voltage. Crooks's study found that when the unexposed photographic film was close to the tube, the negative part was exposed, but he did not continue his research. In 1887, Tesla used self-designed high-voltage vacuum tubes and Crookes tubes to study cathode rays. In 1892, Hertz experimentally found that these cathode rays could penetrate very thin metal foil.

In 1895, Roentgen used equipment designed by Hertz, Sitov, Crooks, Tesla, Leonard and others to study the effect of high-voltage discharge in vacuum tubes. In early November of this year, when Roentgen experimented with the Leonard tube, a very narrow metal aluminum was added to the Leonard tube as a window, allowing cathode rays to shoot out of the tube. in addition, there is cardboard to protect the aluminum window from the strong electric field that produces cathode rays.

He knew that the paper screen could prevent the light from escaping, but observed that when he used a small paper screen coated with barium cyanoplatinate near the aluminum window, the invisible cathode rays could produce a fluorescent effect on the paper screen. This made Roentgen think that the Crookes tube, which is thicker than the Leonard tube, may also cause fluorescence.

In the late afternoon of November 8, 1895, he decided to test his idea. He carefully made a black paper screen similar to the Leonard tube test, covered the Crookes tube with the board and placed the electrode in an induction coil (formerly known as the "Rumkov coil") to generate electrostatic charge. Before testing his idea with a barium cyanide platinite screen, Roentgen darkened the room to see if his cardboard was leaking. When he passed the coil through the tube, he made sure that the board was really opaque and went on with the next experiment. Just then he noticed a faint light from a few meters away from the test tube. To confirm his findings, he tried to repeat the above, seeing the same glimmer of light each time. When he lit a match, he found that it was the barium cyanoplatinate glowing that he had put on the workbench for the next step.

Roentgen repeated the experiment over and over again for the next few hours. He quickly determined a specific distance from the tube, from which stronger fluorescence could be observed than in the previous experiment. He speculated that a new kind of ray might have been discovered. On a Friday, November 8th, Roentgen used the weekend to repeat the experiment and record it for the first time. Over the next few weeks he ate and lived in the laboratory, studied almost all the properties of the new X-ray he temporarily named, and gave a mathematical representation of the unknown. Although eventually the new ray was named Roentgen after him, he always preferred the original term X-ray.

When he studied the blocking ability of different materials to this kind of radiation, he put this small piece of material in the place where the radiation was produced. You can imagine how surprised Roentgen was when he saw the flickering skeleton on the first X-ray image on his screen. It is said that he later conducted the experiment secretly in the laboratory because he was afraid that if the discovery was a mistake, it would affect his reputation as a professor.

Roentgen's original paper, A New X-Ray, was published 50 days later, on December 28, 1895. And Mrs. Roentgen's palm "X-ray" photo, has caused a huge sensation.

Within months of Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, it was used in medical imaging, and in February 1896, Scottish doctor John McIntyre set up the world's first radiology department at the Royal Hospital in Glasgow. Radiation medicine is also the most widely used subject of X-ray.

One day, when you need to go to the hospital to take a film, please remember this great scientist-William Conrad Roentgen.

"Heaven does not give birth to Zhong Ni, forever is like a long night."

Every time I read a story about a scientist, I have this feeling. Are they really sent by God to save us? If there were no Maxwell, no Hertz, no Marconi, no Alexander Bell, would we still be in an era where communication basically depends on roar?

This article is from the official account of Wechat: radio Frequency School (ID:RF_Center), author: RF Carpenter

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