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The capital of Indonesia, sinking.

2025-01-18 Update From: SLTechnology News&Howtos shulou NAV: SLTechnology News&Howtos > IT Information >

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This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Earth knowledge Bureau (ID:diqiuzhishiju). Text: Lin Jiaying, Fang Beichen

On January 18, 2022, the Indonesian Congress passed a capital relocation bill to move the capital out of Jakarta and build a new capital in East Kalimantan province.

The capital has to be moved because Jakarta is sinking.

Horizontal screen-move from Jakarta to Nusantara ▼

Research by the sinking Bandung Institute of Technology in Jakarta, Indonesia, shows that 26.86% of the area of Jakarta, with a population of 10 million, will be submerged by 2025. If it continues to sink, 35.61% of the city will sink completely.

Tens of millions of people gathered on this narrow coastal plain

The sinking degree varies in different urban areas of Jakarta, with Tanjong Port and West Jakarta, which are located in 13 rivers flowing into Haikou, sinking most seriously, with an average of 15 centimeters per year.

In addition, East Jakarta sinks 10 centimeters a year, central Jakarta sinks 2 centimeters a year, and the south sinks 1 centimeters.

Jakarta sinks every year.

(photo: ESA) ▼

What is even more shocking is that, coupled with the fact that the tide rises by about 5 centimeters a year, the depth of decline throughout Jakarta has to be calculated in "meters" from 1977 to the present, with depths ranging from 1 to 4 meters in different areas. Tanjong Port has sunk by about 5 meters.

Settlement change Map of Jakarta from 1977 to 2050

The northern coastal areas are particularly serious.

(figure: twitter) ▼

In fact, not only Jakarta, but many coastal cities in Asia are facing the double whammy of land subsidence and sea level rise. This is particularly serious for Jakarta, where infrastructure is weak.

Cities such as Bangkok and Manila will also be tested by ▼.

The reason for sinking is, first of all, because these cities are located in earthquake zones, and the movement of plates is an important cause of ground subsidence. For example, Indonesia is in the circum-Pacific seismic belt, and Java, where Jakarta is located, is a volcanic island. The natural compaction of soil caused by frequent earthquakes is almost inevitable.

Indonesia is located in ▼ at the junction of several major plates.

Horizontal screen-dense volcanic groups are proof of active plate movement ▼

Volcanic swarm in eastern Java

The overexploitation of groundwater is another major cause of subsidence in Jakarta. According to a survey, tap water coverage in Jakarta is only 48%, and Jakarta water companies are unable to provide reliable water supply to residents. The rest of the water mainly depends on the extraction of groundwater.

Although pumping water is not illegal, it has to be taxed, resulting in many people secretly exploiting deep groundwater. The number of deep wells increases with the increase of urban population. It is impossible to count the number of these hidden deep wells.

Draw water and drain at the same time

The water resources will not be able to bear.

Government data show that Jakarta consumed more than 8 million cubic meters of groundwater in 2018. Another shocking figure is that as early as 2011, Jakarta had depleted 64% of its groundwater reserves.

Coupled with the lack of green space and open space in Jakarta, the city's depleted groundwater aquifers cannot be replenished because of the lack of effective absorption of floods caused by torrential rains. In particular, the process of recharge of deep groundwater is very slow and may take as long as a hundred years.

A short span of 30 years

The Greater Jakarta area is filled with steel and concrete.

The recharge of groundwater is more difficult.

(1990-2019 Jakarta Urban expansion Map: NASA) ▼

The huge concrete labyrinth in Jakarta is sinking more and more seriously under the combined action of flood and water shortage.

In order to prevent land subsidence caused by groundwater overexploitation, the local government of Jakarta has banned building owners with an area of more than 5000 square meters from pumping groundwater. The ban is scheduled to take effect on August 1, 2023. In order to solve the problem of residential water use, it is estimated that the municipal water network will supply water to each city by 2030. However, this requires a large-scale expansion of the existing pipe network, but so far, there is no indication that the water supply system covers the required scale.

Although there is already a technology to solve the groundwater problem from the source, it is extremely expensive. Fifty years ago, Tokyo adopted artificial recharge in the face of severe land subsidence, and the government also restricted the exploitation of groundwater and required companies to use recycled water, eventually successfully stopping the land subsidence.

Because Jakarta's problems cannot be solved during a governor's term of office (usually four years). Since 2014, the central and provincial governments have been working together to develop plans to protect the coast of Jakarta. After many revisions, this mega-plan will be implemented in two phases:

The first stage of wall repair is a temporary measure.

First solve the urgent need of seawater intrusion

The 46-kilometer-long coastal wall, which is scheduled to be completed in 2030, has been built for 13 kilometers. But previous experience has shown that the construction of coastal walls is at best a temporary solution.

The second is the construction of a "giant seawall" off the coast of Jakarta Bay. It includes a 37.3km long, 1000-acre artificial island shaped like an eagle, a national symbol of Indonesia.

In the second stage, we are going to reclaim the land and build an eagle.

(figure: AD) ▼

The total cost of the project is expected to be as high as 47 billion pounds. Many people have criticized that the government's expensive plan is only a "temporary solution to the long-term problem" and does not fundamentally solve the problem of land subsidence, and that giant seawalls will hinder the flow of 13 rivers.

Even if the plan works, the provincial government will not find enough funds to build it. The Netherlands and South Korea have only pledged about 1400 million pounds for design and feasibility studies, and it is not clear where the construction money will come from and the government has not announced when it will start.

Taking the lotus as the teacher is the right person.

But where does the huge amount of construction money come from?

Jan Jaap Brinkman, a Dutch hydrologist, believes that this temporary measure will only buy Jakarta 20 to 30 years to stop settlement.

Where will the tens of millions of residents go? What will happen to the 10 million residents who still live there when government agencies leave the sinking metropolis?

In Jakarta, some people welcomed the decision to move the capital, believing that it would ease some of the city's functions and provide more space for green space, thereby alleviating Jakarta's congestion and pollution. Although Jakarta will lose its status as the capital, the existing infrastructure is sufficient to support its function as a business and entertainment center.

Others are not optimistic about the relocation of the capital, saying that "Jakarta is about to be flooded, but there is no clear revitalization plan."

Horizontal screen-Indonesia's population and industry are highly concentrated in Java.

Move the capital from the elite to the sparsely populated island of Kalimantan

It is beset with difficulties, ▼

For vulnerable groups on the northern coast of Jakarta, they have no choice of moving to safer places. Although it is only a few meters away from the port where tourists gather, the construction of the coastal wall has not yet been completed. The residents must find their own ways to deal with the incoming flood. They use gravel to raise coastal roads by about a meter, or hundreds of kilograms of mussel shells to raise their yards and floors.

The planned giant seawall does not provide a place for ordinary people to live. Due to lack of funds, the government provided permission to build artificial islands to real estate developers.

Outside the levee is the sea, and inside the levee is the flood.

The sinking ground has caused serious waterlogging in the city of Jakarta

At that time, the island will be occupied by high-end waterfront properties, and the shore will also be docked by the yachts of the rich. "this means that only the rich can enter the sea, not the tens of thousands of fishermen who depend on their survival," said Mr. Abdul Halim of the people's Alliance for Fisheries Justice. In the end, the project was blocked by controversy and shelved.

It can be predicted that resettlement of residents will face an arduous process. In an effort to alleviate the flood problem, the government has launched a resettlement program for residents along the Chilion River since 2013, which has sparked a backlash among voters and led to the defeat of Zhong Wanxue Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, a supporter of the plan, in the 2017 gubernatorial election.

The population density along the Zhilion River is extremely high.

It's not that easy to move them away.

Anis Anies Baswedan, the new governor who took office in November of the same year, reiterated that he would not relocate residents. The superposition of these complex factors determines that the capital relocation plan will not be plain sailing.

Paride Reed Vanudin (Parid Ridwanuddin), an Indonesian marine and environmental professional, believes that the capital relocation plan is only to "shift the ecological crisis to another place". He believes that the government should revitalize the coastal areas by replanting mangroves and restoring the banks covered with houses to a more natural state.

The ecological crisis in Kalimantan Island is getting worse.

(decreasing forest cover in Kalimantan Source: CGIAR) ▼

At present, it seems that none of the existing solutions can fundamentally stop the mega-city from sinking for the next two or three decades. The residents here seem to have accepted this fate.

In fact, their expectations are not high. "We just want to stop worrying about flooding," said Astati, a resident of the northern coast.

[introduction to the author: Lin Jiaying / Madu lurking in Didu, former Jakarta resident, working at the World Resources Institute, design enthusiast, PhD in urban planning]

[Fang Beichen / based in the world, looking at Hangzhou, master of architecture, pretending to be inclined, part-time architectural emotion and whole writing, also made a great contribution to this article]

Reference:

Https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934

Https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2022/08/indonesias-giant-capital-city-is-sinking-can-the-governments-plan-save-it

Https://indonesiaexpat.id/news/the-capital-government-to-proceed-the-construction-of-the-giant-sea-wall/#:~:text=by%20Indonesia%20Expat%20January%2011%2C%202023%20The%20Capital,prevent%20major%20floods%20from%20hitting%20the%20capital%E2%80%99s%20mainland.

Https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2023/07/21/en-mulai-agustus-2023-pemerintah-dki-jakarta-larang-bangunan-tinggi-pakai-air-tanah

Https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/jakarta-flooding-relocation-giant-seawall-anies-baswedan-1883006

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