Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: ID:fanpu2019, author: Dili Hui

Original title: "A difficult history of scientific entrepreneurship, a period of youth without mistakes."

This paper describes the history of the synchrotron radiation source in Hefei of the University of Science and Technology of China from scratch under the extremely difficult circumstances of financial resources and talents.

For this story, I met many old people, including Bao Zhongmou, former vice president of University of Science and Technology of China. I'm afraid I was the last outsider to see him. At that time, he was already in extremely poor health, deaf and stuttering, and soon left. President Bao, 86, died in Beijing at 03:10 on December 8, 2009. ) now, more than a decade later, as these people grow old and even leave, perhaps in the future, apart from dry files, no one will tell you vividly about the past, extremely difficult, but also hopeful years.

-- author

Special author / Dili Society

This time, Pei Yuanji was really angry. After almost half a year of research, a thick and detailed report on the construction of an ion source was submitted to the person in charge of Project 753 of the High Energy Institute for review, but there was no reply.

"at that time, I lived on Yuquan Road. I stayed for a week and asked them to wait for a day. In the second week, I went to them, and one of them (Zhu Fuquan) said that your research report was well written, but we did it ourselves and didn't want you to do it. I was angry at that time, but I couldn't help it." Pei Yuanji recalled.

Since the migration of Science University to the south in 1970, the whole accelerator profession has not done anything real. In the past few years, Pei Yuanji spent almost six months of the year outside, engaging in projects and raising funds in an attempt to keep the accelerator professional, but to no avail. He graduated from the Department of Modern Physics of the University of Science and Technology of China in 1964 and stayed on to study and teach accelerators.

At the end of 1975, Pei Yuanji, who had been depressed all the time, told Qian Sanqiang, who came to Hefei to inspect, about his "encounter" at the Institute of High Energy.

Unexpectedly, after hearing the report, Qian said, "who asked you to hold their thighs?" did we lose enough to hold our thighs? in the past, when we hugged the Soviet Union's thighs, he kicked you and couldn't even get up! you have to stand on your own feet to do this. "

"I thought he would support us and let the high-energy institute give us the negative ion source to do." "his words touched me a lot," Pei Yuanji said. then, we re-investigated and thought of a way. by looking up the literature, after multi-investigation, we decided to work as a synchrotron radiation accelerator. "

This year is 1976. [2]

"do not dare to mention" equipment is incomplete and teachers are scarce. Most of the elderly teachers have not moved south with the school, and there are only five or six teachers in the accelerator teaching and research department, with an average age of more than 30 years. This is the situation at that time.

It is not that they have not made efforts. In 1975, with the 300000 budget of the Academy of Sciences, the teaching and research department planned to build a runway electron cyclotron. "that's to keep the nuclear technology going. We're bored. We have to keep going." Bao Zhongmou said. At that time, he served as the director of the scientific research department of the University of Science and Technology. Although some theoretical calculations have been done and articles have been published, the cyclotron came to an end because of the lack of actual construction costs.

At this time, the discussion of building a synchrotron radiation accelerator quietly sprang up in the scientific community.

In 1977, Yang Chengzong, vice president of the University of Science and Technology, who returned from Beijing, told Bao Zhongmou, "pay attention to synchrotron radiation."he didn't say much, and I remember that." Bao Zhongmou recalled, "on one occasion, Xiao Yixuan of Chairman Mao's grandson, High Energy Institute, gave a lecture at HKUST and talked about it. Many people in the atomic energy department knew about it."

"the earliest discussion began in the scientific community, including the Institute of High Energy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Physics and the University of Science and Technology, and everyone was talking about it. at that time, when we were looking for direction, we didn't really get a task and wanted to do synchrotron radiation. the high-energy institute is focusing on proton accelerators, and they can't do it." He Duohui, then director of the Accelerator Professional Committee of HKUST, told me.

Although we are preparing the materials, and although we all know about this, we dare not put forward the suggestion of formal construction for a long time. "the synchrotron radiation project is too big, so we can do small things, but we don't dare to mention it when we are too big." Bao Zhongmou said.

In June 1977, HKUST was informed by the Academy of Sciences that it would participate in the National Natural Science discipline Planning Conference in October. The arrow will have to be fired.

In October 1977, Bao Zhongmou led a delegation of more than 30 people from HKUST to Beijing for a meeting. Jin Yumin, a member of the Accelerator Teaching and Research Section, made a report on behalf of the University of Science and Technology, and the plan to build a special synchrotron radiation source was listed in the development plan of condensed matter physics.

"at that time, the Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences said that they would support us, mainly because HKUST had talents in all fields. At that time, Beijing had not yet fully recovered, and Hefei had relatively no political interference." He Duohui said.

In March 1978, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held the first preparatory work meeting in Hefei to discuss the preliminary construction plan of Hefei synchrotron radiation source, and the cause of synchrotron radiation in China was officially launched.

"A chance to have something to do is the most important thing in your life." in September 1977, Liu Zuping, a technician at an agricultural machinery repair factory in Lishu County, Jilin Province, suddenly received a letter from classmate Yao Zhiyuan. Director he Duohui wants him to go back to HKUST.

Since graduating from the Department of Modern Physics at HKUST in 1968, Liu Zuping has been at the grass-roots level for nearly 10 years: "I know very well in my heart that the teachers all want me to come back." they remember that when I was a student, I was a good student. "

Everything went so well that at the end of 1977, 33-year-old Liu Zuping returned to HKUST. Under the atmosphere of "professional counterpart" in job transfer at that time, many people who graduated from physics also contacted HKUST through various channels, no matter what kind of work they were engaged in after graduation.

Apart from the need to make up for forgotten mathematical knowledge and English, Liu Zuping is not familiar with the task he is about to get. He has not even heard of the word synchrotron radiation.

"it doesn't matter to me what I do. If someone has ever experienced a time when you can't do anything and no one can ask you to do it, then you will feel that the opportunity to do something is the most important thing in your life." Liu Zuping said. He later became the general manager and chief engineer of the second phase of synchrotron radiation.

It all starts from scratch. No one in China has ever built a synchrotron radiation accelerator. Buy equipment, ask a consultant, the original 300000 allocated by the Academy of Sciences also turned to synchrotron radiation at this time. In 4 million, 3 years, prefabrication research began.

The Department of Atomic Energy, the Department of Precision Mechanics and other departments began to work together to complete the work. "at that time, HKUST concentrated all its efforts and worked hard." Bao Zhongmou said.

"the National Cultural Revolution has just ended and ushered in the spring of science. Everyone hopes that Chinese science can develop and get back the lost time. It is extremely difficult for HKUST to deal with nothing, and everyone's spirit of indomitable and hard struggle is very strong. Thinking that this face must be changed, HKUST must stand up and not fall down. Out of these two considerations, we do not work hard day and night. It's very difficult, but very United. " He Duohui told me.

In order to save money, the prefabrication team bought four machine tools from Jinan, Shandong Province, which was the best machine tool at that time, and then trained the workers. the installation cost of the whole linear accelerator was only 20,000 yuan. Relying on a team of less than 50 people at most, HKUST completed its pre-research in 1981: the ultra-high-altitude system and physical design of 30MeV's electron linear accelerator, a bending magnet, a four-stage magnet and a storage ring.

On October 24, 1981, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held the "Hefei Synchrotron radiation device pre-Research and physical Design Review meeting" in Hefei, which considered that the device basically had the conditions to enter the project. "at that time, the experts at the meeting spoke highly of it, saying that it equalized the accelerator industry." Pei Yuanji said.

He was referring to Project 753, which was forced to be dismounted in 1980. It is said that the project cost 90 million yuan but did not see anything, which made everyone at that time very dissatisfied. The success of HKUST is somewhat unexpected.

"HKUST is seldom disturbed by the outside world and is bent on doing this. Maybe many people don't believe that HKUST can do this." "I remember Yang Zhenning visited our laboratory in 1981," Pei Yuanji said. "after visiting our research results, he said something worth remembering." he said, 'are you far away from the political center because you have made such good results here?' "

Project establishment twists and turns "highly rated" project in the formal establishment of the project has encountered twists and turns. From the second half of 1981 to the first half of 1984, the project team was almost caught in a long wait.

"this is mainly because the leaders above are not at ease, because after all, HKUST has no engineering experience, they are all teachers, and there is no guarantee of manpower." In Pei Yuanji's impression, although the report was mentioned a long time ago, an expert review meeting was held almost every year from 1982 to 1984.

A more important reason is that the leadership cannot but consider taking such a large sum of money. Although the funding was allocated by the Academy of Sciences, at that time, as long as it exceeded 30 million, it needed the approval of the State Planning Commission. Do as much money as you have. For he Duohui, who is the chief engineer of the first phase, he Duohui needs to "adjust" the design index of the light source according to the amount of money.

In line with the 30 million that limited HKUST at the beginning of the planning, the earliest design was a storage ring with full energy injection from 400MeV's linear accelerator into 400MeV. However, when he Duohui and others went to the United States to investigate, the result was that the energy of the storage ring in 400MeV was so low that it had to be raised to 800MeV, which cost far more than 30 million. But he didn't want to, and then the Academy of Sciences sent someone to convey the words of Gu Yu, head of the Collider Engineering leading Group, that "no more than 45 million should be allowed."

In desperation, after discussing with Professor Deng Changli of Fermi Lab, he Duohui decided to reduce the injected energy of the linear accelerator from 400MeV to 200MeV on the premise of keeping the storage ring 800MeV. The linear accelerator tunnel will still be built according to 400MeV, which can be made up if money is available in the future.

From June 25 to July 4, 1984, the preliminary design review meeting of Beijing Jingxi Hotel, Beijing Electron Positron Collider Project and Hefei Synchrotron Project was held. The meeting decided that it was impossible to invest 45 million in synchrotron radiation accelerators, and finally agreed to increase it to more than 50 million (author's note: actually increased to more than 60 million).

Yao Yilin stressed that both of them were included in the Seventh five-year Plan national key projects. because there is basically no problem with the high-energy institute, it is a good encouragement if we also include it at the same time. " Hu Shengsheng, then director of the Engineering Office for the first phase of the project, recalled, "the country's weak economic capacity was the biggest limitation, from the earliest 30 million to more than 60 million, which was a large number at that time. Fang Yi once said at a meeting of HKUST, 'even if you take off your pants', you have to go up because the country's economic capacity is weak."

"the above supports the Collider. Seeing that we have newly developed synchrotron radiation, there is no way not to want it, and there is no way to postpone it, so we have supported both at the same time." Bao Zhongmou stressed, "some leaders think that the accelerators of high-energy institutes can also engage in synchrotron radiation, so they have to postpone ours. But in fact, synchrotron radiation in high-energy institutes can only operate parasitically, and the effect is not very good, so in the end, they decided to have two, and there was no way to tell us to stop."

On November 20, 1984, a groundbreaking ceremony was held on the new campus of the University of Science and Technology in the southern suburbs of Hefei, and the first phase of the project was officially launched.

Hu Shengsheng, who tilted the building as the director of the office of the first phase of the project, could not avoid going to Beijing.

It was during the summer vacation in 1985. Hu Shengsheng met Liu Huaizu, director of the office of the leading group who assisted Gu Yu, leader of the Collider leading Group, in the work of the Collider leading Group. He was a graduate of Grade 63 of the University of Science and Technology. During the chat, Liu Huaizu revealed that there was "some resistance" to synchrotron radiation, and with a personal relationship, he suggested that Hu Shengsheng plan his next move as soon as possible. Hu Shengsheng said that he had heard about it, but it was not necessarily accurate. But unexpectedly, Liu Huaizu was so sure that he immediately took out the document and told him that "it must not be copied."

"unexpectedly, I saw the real document. The content probably thinks that the project is technically difficult, the collider of the high-energy institute also has synchrotron radiation, the national economic adjustment, compression of infrastructure, storage ring will not be on. Zhou Guangzhao and other major leaders have approved, I think there is almost no leeway. It's so sudden." Hu Shengsheng told me.

That night, Hu Shengsheng telephoned and reported the news to HKUST. After learning that the headmaster Guan Weiyan would come to Beijing the next day, Hu Shengsheng went directly to Zhongguancun and reported the matter to the headmaster.

"Principal Guan was very calm at that time. He didn't comment too much, but just said he knew. Then I learned that he was furious with the courtyard about this." Hu Shengsheng said, "later, at a meeting, President Guan said that our project was almost dropped, just like the ball that the women's volleyball team was about to land was saved again." he took it lightly with such witty words. "

In addition to Guan Weiyan's protection, according to Liu Huaizu's recollection, Yan Keats, who was old at that time, also supported the project, and Lu Jiaxi, then president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was also very supportive.

But the "crisis" has not been completely reversed.

At the beginning of 1987, there was a decision in the Academy of Sciences that if the linear accelerator was not adjusted at the end of the year, the project would be suspended. After the Spring Festival in 1987, Vice President Bao Zhongmou held a meeting of "three general managers and one office" (general manager, chief economist, chief craftsman, and office director).

"I remember it was February 23. After hearing the news in the hospital, everyone was so excited that they were determined to overcome the difficulties and said that the accelerator would be built anyway. Since I was in charge of the linear accelerator, all the bosses asked me,'do you want to state your position, can the linear accelerator be built?'" Pei Yuanji said.

Normally, it takes one year to install the accelerator and three months to debug the accelerator, so that the beam can not be debugged until around June 1988.

"at that time, I proposed three conditions: first, overtime, 90 cents an hour, it would be enough for me to pay 30,000 to 50,000 yuan; second, the installation team must have a unified command, or I would be in charge of Lao he (he Duohui), including logistics, saving a lot of formalities. After buying things, the meal should be sent to the scene; third, several teams should be specially set up for unified management. to achieve these three points, it is still possible to get out of control." Pei Yuanji said.

Start from the training of workers, develop strict installation procedures and acceptance procedures, do not meet the requirements are not allowed to install on the switchboard. With the overtime pay of 90 cents and the motivation to work overtime until one o'clock every night, the installation was completed ahead of schedule on October 20. The beam was debugged on November 1, and the beam met the requirements on November 9. The completion of the linear accelerator saved the entire synchrotron radiation project.

Although we have approved the construction of five experimental stations in many difficulties, in fact, more than 60 million yuan is only enough to build one experimental station. "if you build only one station, it would be like a cart pulling only one eggplant, which is very wasteful. Later, we squeezed money out of the limited funds, saved every penny as much as possible, and insisted on building five lines and five stations." He Duohui said frankly.

Apart from the lack of funds, there is also a great shortage of personnel. But even so, the engineering team took advantage of the overseas quota given to HKUST by the Academy of Sciences to send young people to study abroad. Liu Zuping is one of them. He went to Stanford.

In addition to his studies, Liu Zuping inevitably provided help to the engineering team, and each time he sent back a thick letter.

"at that time, they would keep writing to me, sometimes the main boss, sometimes the people working below, asking me some very specific questions about engineering design and so on. I will go to the Americans who understand it, try to remember it, write it down, and send it back." He said.

Because it is very difficult for China to buy instruments and electronic components directly through the commercial department, either embargoing or waiting for a long time for approval, Liu Zuping, who is in the United States, often buys equipment for laboratories:

"I personally called from Stanford and they thought these things were for Stanford. I didn't correct his mistakes, but I didn't take the initiative to say they were for Stanford. Some people returned home, put things in their bags and brought them back as luggage, so they bought quite a lot. There are relatively large things, such as spectrometers, which are not very great now, but they could not be bought with a very high level in China at that time. "

Due to the lack of experience, it is not uncommon for a device to take a long time. More importantly, the industrial base at that time was so weak that many manufacturers could not do it or there were problems with it. Even ordinary screws and plugs are not qualified.

In order to ensure that the quality of the device processing meets the requirements, all designers can only go to the factory to stare at it and discuss with the manufacturer to solve the problem. Feng Lanlin, head of high frequency systems, is a case in point.

"he went in a cotton-padded jacket and came back in a vest, with a technician, stuck in a ravine and stared from beginning to end." "Feng Lanlin paid his own wages to buy salt and asked the workers to work," he Duohui recalled. "We didn't have any hospitality at all. There was nothing we could do at that time. It was extremely difficult. You don't know when you can get on with your work. You can imagine what it will be like to recover after ten years of paralysis in the cultural revolution."

It seems unsurprising that there are no holidays, no days and nights, no winter and summer vacations. When Zhou Yingui, a graduate student, was debugging the linear accelerator, he tried it on the spot and changed it at the same time. He didn't sleep for three days and three nights in a row. "at the beginning, I didn't take care of the children at all. I let it all go in my study and life. It's a great pity to think of it." He Duohui said.

In December 1991, the accelerator and the experimental line station passed the appraisal of the appraisal committee headed by Wang Yichang, and the first phase of the project was successfully completed.

In February 1994, physicists Qian Linzhao and Tang Xiaowei initiated 34 academicians, including Wang Yichang, Xie Xide, Xie Jialin, and Feng Duan, who jointly put forward the proposal of concentrating efforts on comprehensive construction and making full use of Hefei National Synchrotron radiation Light Source. " These 34 academicians, I ran with a colleague, they are very enthusiastic, not only happily signed, but also said late, should have been earlier. " Hu Shengsheng told me.

It can be expected that although the first phase of the project has built five line stations frugally, there is still a long way to go to make full use of the whole synchrotron radiation device. "it's like putting an egg in the refrigerator, big horse pulling a cart, five line stations are still too few, and more line stations must be added." Liu Zuping said that even the open court can play badminton. "there is no such thing in the world. A country can not be built, but it is unreasonable to build it." He said.

Due to the shortage of funds for the first phase of the project, although five lines and stations were barely built, they did not meet the requirements of high standards, and two of them still had serious defects. Limited by the level of Chinese industry at that time, the quality of many devices could not be guaranteed. In the two years just built, the equipment can still operate stably, but with the passage of time, failures occur frequently, and the operation condition goes from bad to worse.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the pace of scientific and technological innovation accelerated significantly. With the upgrading of technology, the original components have been eliminated, while there are few components left in the laboratory inventory, so it is time to build the second phase of the project. In the view of Liu Zuping, the chief engineer, the most urgent thing for the second phase of the project is not to improve the index of the device, but to ensure the reliable and stable operation of the device and improve the utilization rate.

"several problems must be solved," Liu Zuping said. "the large reflection in the operation of the high-frequency system shows that the original high-frequency cavity must be changed. the control system is too backward, the computer needs to be changed, and the data transmission between each other needs a floppy disk, which must be changed. only first-class equipment can produce first-class results."

The second phase of the project finally received 118 million yuan of funding. Li Weimin, the deputy chief engineer, and teacher Liu Zuping agreed: "in fact, the start of the second phase of the project is driven by a large number of user needs." we should give the country an account so that more users have the opportunity to use our light. Obviously, the traction of the transformation is the line station. "

Limited money can only choose limited goals for transformation.

"it was critical to select a system related to the operational stability of the light source, so all our money was invested in the storage ring at that time. In the injector (linear accelerator) and beam transport line, the cost of the second phase of the project is very small, only a few million." He said.

Joy and regret when Liu Zuping was appointed general manager of the second phase of the project, Liu Zuping admitted that it was "very unexpected". But when he became the general manager, he also had to be the chief engineer. "if I am the general manager and someone else is the chief engineer, once there are differences, the people below will not know what to do, because some plans only need to be signed by the chief engineer. I've always insisted." He said.

From the beginning of prefabricated research, he is familiar with and knows everything here, who is involved in the construction of the project.

"I suddenly feel like it's some kind of fate. All the things I've done in the past are to do this project well. I have a role that no one else can do." "I came here with them," he said. "if I said we were ill-conceived and needed improvement, no one would object. If it were someone else, the people at the bottom would not be convinced. I'm better than anyone else."

However, there has been a lot of criticism about whether to invest money in the accelerator or the line station.

Many people worry that the small amount of money spent on the machine will lead to problems with the operation of the whole device, and if the line station is not done properly, at least 1/8 will not work.

"I don't follow this logic. We have built a machine to contribute to the country, but the contribution we make must be shown by the experiment, and only the experimental results are our reward to the country." "the more money the second phase of the project spends on accelerators, the more we owe the country," Liu said. the better the experimental line station is built, and every time the user does an experiment, we will pay off a debt. "

The progress of the project is not as smooth as expected. They encountered trouble in the subsequent processing and modification of the high-frequency cavity and injection system.

"the most stressful thing for me is the transformation of the high-frequency system. Some experts even say that if the high-frequency system in Hefei works properly, my name will be written upside down. But I know that I am right and he is wrong." Liu Zuping said frankly.

The pessimistic judgment of other experts is not without reason.

After the completion of the first phase of the project, it is incomprehensible that the high-frequency system has been working in a state of large reflection, which makes the high-frequency machine very easy to break down. Among all the failure rates, the damage to the components of the high-frequency machine accounts for about 1/3, and the failure of the high-frequency machine can not be repaired quickly, and the price is also very expensive.

After careful investigation, it is determined that the high-frequency cavity should be redone. The laboratory commissioned the 703 Institute of the Ministry of Space to carry out the manufacture. In addition to the technical difficulties, Chen Shui-bian's coming to power also dragged on unexpectedly. "at that time, they were busy building missiles, and our cavity was locked in the warehouse. At that time, when we were halfway through processing, we could not take it anywhere else for processing, which was really a dilemma." Li Weimin said.

The overall transformation of the injection system is also not smooth enough. The special-shaped ceramic section made by Nanjing Electronic Tube Factory will burst when welded. The lab went to the technician, but he insisted on the original method. In desperation, I found other factories and the problem was solved.

"when manufacturing undulators, I want to improve the technical capability of domestic manufacturers as far as possible. At the same time, it can also save costs. although it caused the delay in the end, I do not regret it." Liu Zuping said frankly.

During the demonstration of the first phase and the second phase of the project, the laboratory once proposed that large scientific projects should be used to improve the technical and technological level of China's industry, but the losses often outweigh the gain. "the reason is that manufacturers have no interest in single-piece production, while foreign companies have orders from all over the world and have been successfully industrialized." Li Weimin told me.

"it is hoped that after primitive accumulation, domestic enterprises can develop in the direction of research and development. in this way, the purchase of domestic products can be controlled from the production process, debugging and other links, and the communication with maintenance personnel and other technical personnel is also more convenient." He said.

Finally, the second phase of Hefei synchrotron radiation light source project was checked and accepted in December 2004, and the laboratory was officially opened at the beginning of 2005. From 2005 to now, all the running tasks have been carried out successfully, the failure rate is far lower than expected, and the light supply time and quality are much higher than expected.

Four years later, on April 29, 2009, Shanghai Light Source (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, referred to as SSRF) was completed and officially opened to users on May 6, becoming the first third generation synchrotron radiation source of Chinese mainland Intermediate Energy. By June 2022, a total of 39 experimental stations with 27 beam lines had been opened for operation. [4]

In 2010-2014, in order to provide users with better experimental conditions, Hefei Light Source carried out a major upgrade with the joint support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Science and Technology of China. After the completion of the major upgrade, the beam divergence of the storage ring is significantly reduced, and the stability of the light source is significantly improved, close to the level of the third generation synchrotron radiation light source.

Current Hefei Synchrotron radiation Light Source | Picture Source: national Synchrotron radiation Laboratory of University of Science and Technology of China at present, the synchrotron radiation light source is undergoing a leap from the third generation to the fourth generation. Although China has three generations of synchrotron radiation light sources, they are all in the low and medium energy regions. In terms of the distribution of luminance energy spectrum, there is a lack of high-brightness high-energy light sources. Today, the construction of the fourth generation of high-energy synchrotron radiation light source is under way in Beijing Huairou Science City, and is expected to be completed and put into use by the end of 2025. Its brightness will be 100-1000 times higher, and the higher the detection accuracy, the faster the detection speed.

But perhaps future generations should not forget the difficulties experienced and faced by their predecessors. They are equally eager for the realization of their own values and strive for a place for their countrymen in world science. Fortunately, there is nothing wrong with their warm youth.

Notes and reference materials

[1] the University of Science and Technology of China began to move to Anhui in December 1969 and basically completed the relocation in October 1970. A total of more than 70 times of freight loading were organized, with a freight volume of 865 tons, 35000 boxes of instruments, equipment, books and archives, etc., more than 470 families moved out, more than 20 batches of workers, students and family members, about 6000 passenger trips, and more than 510 sections of locomotives, the relocation cost reached 770000 yuan. When the school moved to Hefei, the loss of instruments and equipment was 2%, and the loss of teachers was more than 1%. There is a serious shortage of teaching and living space, and the area of the school building is less than 60,000 square meters. In 1972, there were less than 100 teachers with the title of lecturer or above. According to http://lswhw.ustc.edu.cn/index.php/ index / info / 43

[2] I have an interview with Professor Pei Yuanji, ── of the National Synchrotron radiation Laboratory [J]. Chinese Journal of History of Science and Technology, 2009: 30 (2): 180,192.

[3] Liu Huazu. Personal experience of Beijing Electron Positron Collider Project Construction-- memories of Liu Huaizu [M]. Hunan Education Press, 2016: 183185.

[4] http://ssrf.sari.ac.cn/ngyssrf/nshgyjs/

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