Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Earth knowledge Bureau (ID:diqiuzhishiju), author: cold Night Cold Star, revised manuscript: Chao Qian / Editor: Fruit

In the names of 34 provincial administrative regions in China, regardless of the actual content of the names, we can find many groups of place names with paired azimuth elements, such as Shanxi and Shandong, Hubei and Hunan, Henan and Hebei, Guangdong and Guangxi.

Of course, unpaired place names also exist, and Shaanxi is one of the famous examples. In history, there is no corresponding "provincial" administrative district in eastern Shaanxi for a long time.

Why on earth is this important area of Guanzhong called "Shaanxi" ▼?

Shaanxi, as one of the important birthplaces of the Chinese nation, where on earth did its provincial name come from? Today's article will show you the answer.

The important officials went to the end of the stage, and the guests tried their best to find out where "Shaanxi" was. First of all, we need to find out what "Shan" is. In the Notes of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Duan Yucai, a text exegesis in the Qing Dynasty, pointed out that Shaanxi is a "narrow", that is, a narrow and dangerous place. And the original "Shaanxi" is indeed a dangerous place: Shaanxi Yuan (now in Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province).

The approximate position of Shaanxi Yuan is indicated.

(base: Google map) ▼

The plateau is a highland formed by erosion in the Loess Plateau in northwest China, which is platform-shaped, steep on four sides and flat on top. However, the Shaanxi Plateau is not an ordinary plateau. It connects to the south of the mountain, which is called "the solid of the letter", reaches the Yellow River to the north, and guards the east-west traffic road from the Central Plains to Guanzhong, which is an important strategic node from the Guanzhong Plain to the North China Plain.

After the Emperor Wu of the early Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he rewarded the meritorious heroes in Guanyi (probably in the Guancheng Hui District of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province), and let Uncle Guan and Uncle Cai lead troops and horses to be stationed here. Since then, King Wu visited here many times.

Due to the limited spatial distance, the Western Zhou Dynasty, which emerged in the Guanzhong Plain, had to set up many important strongholds in the east to monitor the remnants of the Shang Dynasty. Guanyi is one of them.

Where is Guanyi? it has been debated in history that ▼

In about 1042 BC, King Wu of Zhou died of illness, and Zhou Gongdan became regent, which aroused the suspicion of Uncle Guan, Uncle Cai and his brothers. Wu Geng, the son of the king of Shang Dynasty, saw the opportunity to attract and launch a rebellion. The Duke of Zhou went to the east to fight the rebellion, Zhu Wugeng, killed Uncle Guan and exiled Uncle Cai, so as to quell the rebellion.

▼, the Duke of Zhou who can interpret dreams.

In the course of the eastward expedition, the Duke of Zhou felt that Guanyi was far away from the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), and from Haojing along the Weihe River and the south bank of the Yellow River, he needed to cross many dangerous passes before he could reach Guanyi. There are few dangers and obstacles around Guanyi, which is difficult to defend according to danger.

Therefore, after consideration, the Duke of Zhou decided to build Luoyi (present-day Luoyang City, Henan Province) in the Yiluo Plain between Mangshan and Songshan, in order to become a political center for the Zhou royal family to radiate the East.

Duke Zhou signalled ▼ on the eastward expedition

It is said that at that time, the Duke of Zhou assisted the government together with the Shanzo Gongfu. In the Book of Shangshu, there was an article called Jun Fu, which was written by the Duke of Zhou in order to persuade him to work together and lead the Zhou Dynasty out of the crisis. This article "Jun Gong" made the Duke of Zhou win the trust of Zhao Gong and reached a consensus with Zhao Gong. The two Gong agreed to divide Shaanxi and govern Shaanxi to stabilize the political situation.

(photo: "Shang Shu Justice" in the early period of Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty) ▼

Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn period and the geography work of the Tang Dynasty, including Geography, both recorded the division and rule of Shaanxi from Shaanxi to the east, from the Duke of Zhou, and from Shaanxi to the fourth, Zhaogongtun Zhi.

Today, there is a "Fenshan Stone" in the Museum of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. it is said that it was ordered by the Duke of Zhou to chisel a 3.5-meter-high stone column at the boundary, called "the pillar as the boundary". The specific location of Shaanxi is in Zhangbianyuan, Shaanxi District, Sanmenxia City.

(photo: Sanmenxia Museum) ▼

However, according to the study of its handwriting by many scholars, it is believed that the age of lettering belongs to Wu Zhou, another Zhou Dynasty after 1700.

The division of Shaanxi and governance reflected the important geographical location of Shaanxi Yuan, while the establishment of Cheng Zhou Luoyi further highlighted the military value of Shaanxi Yuan and became a dead joint connecting Zong Zhou and Cheng Zhou.

There are many tourists on Liangjing Avenue, and in the early years of the warring States period, the State of Wei first became strong through the reform of ku Kuo. At this time, the capital of the State of Wei was still in Guanyi (Xiaxian County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province), and the westward expansion of the State of Wei was bound to encroach on the Guanzhong area.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

However, from a geographical point of view, the State of Wei did not need to take Hangu pass eastward along the south bank of the Yellow River to attack Qin, because after Shanxi crossed the river from Huayin, the Guanzhong Plain was almost unstoppable. as a result, the State of Wei was able to open up the land of Hexi under the noses of the State of Qin.

Take the Guanzhong Plain

It means opening the door to Shu, ▼.

Although the State of Qin bought Shaanxi County near Shaanxi Yuan in 390 BC, Qin and Wei fought here many times, so that Shaanxi sometimes belonged to Qin and sometimes to Wei. This makes it difficult for Shaanxi to defend the enemy invaded by Shanxi in Guanzhong area.

With the continuous accumulation of sediment on the right bank of the Yellow River, the plain area on the south bank of the Yellow River has expanded, and the situation of the pass between Shaanxi Yuan and the Yellow River is not as prominent as it used to be, which further weakens the defense function and strategic position of Shaanxi Yuan. Its defense function from the Oriental Gongwei Guanzhong was gradually replaced by Hanguguan pass (now Hanguguan Town, Lingbao City, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province).

Watch on the horizontal screen-Hangu pass on the ancient road of Hanhan

It is an extremely important part of ▼.

After Qin unification, Shaanxi County was under the jurisdiction of Sanchuan County with Luoyi as the administrative center. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Hangu pass moved eastward, and the old city of Qin Hangu pass was taken as the governing place, and Hongnong County was set up.

Hongnong County and the present position of Shaanxi

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

During the pre-Qin period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Hongnong County was moved to Shaanxi County.

In the eleventh year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (487), Shaanxian County was taken as the governing place and Shaanzhou was established. The jurisdiction is equivalent to Sanmenxia City, Luoning, Mianchi and other cities and counties in Henan Province, and Pinglu, Ruicheng and other areas in Shanxi Province.

Since then, although Shaanzhou has been abandoned repeatedly, the jurisdiction has been gradually reduced, but its construction has continued to the Qing Dynasty.

The history of this city begins.

At the same time, it confirmed the name of "Shaanxi".

The first-level administrative division of Shaanxi Land plus orientation first appeared in the wartime administrative region in the early Tang Dynasty, but the earliest first-level administrative district related to Shaanxi was not called Shaanxi, but called East Shaanxi. After Li Yuan became emperor, in order to gain access to the Central Plains and capture Henan under the separatist regime of Wang Shichong, Li Shimin, the king of Qin, was regarded as the great platform of Shaanxi Dongdao.

In the fourth year of Wude (621 years), after Wang Shichong was calmed down, the platform of Shaandong Road was moved to Luoyang. In the ninth year of Wude (626 years), the Tang Dynasty abolished the Taoist platforms, Shaandong Road was also abolished, and its land was subsumed into Henan Road.

During the Kaiyuan period, this land was mainly managed by Guan Neidao.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

The brief setting of East Shaanxi Road did not leave much ink in history, but the basic administrative system of Shaanxi Road has a long history.

In the three years from the Northern Song Dynasty to Taoism (997), the Northern Song government divided the country into fifteen roads, which are known as "fifteen roads to the Road". According to the Geographic Records of the Song Dynasty, Shaanxi Road "meets Qiangrong in the west, Tong and Shaanxi in the east, Shu and Han in the south, and Shuofang in the north". At this time, the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Road is quite different from that of Shaanxi Province today, especially Shaanzhou also belongs to Shaanxi Road. Later, Shaanxi Road was divided into Yongxing Army and Qin Feng Road.

Yongxingjun and Qin Feng er Lu in the first year of Zhenghe (1111)

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

It is worth mentioning that Shanzhou belonged to Shaanxi Road and Yongxing military Road in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, in the Jin Dynasty, Shanzhou belonged to Nanjing Road, not Jingzhaofu Road. As a result, Shaanxi, a first-class administrative region named to the west of Shaanxi Yuan, no longer has jurisdiction over Shaanxi Yuan.

At the turn of Jin, Song and Yuan dynasties, although Mongol Khan was defeated by Diaoyucheng in the process of conquering the Southern Song Dynasty, most areas of Sichuan Basin were also included in the scope of Mongolian rule.

Chongqing Hechuan fishing City

In the first year of Zhongtong (1260), Mongolia set up Qin Shu Xing Province with Jingzhao Prefecture (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), but its initial name was uncertain, and there were also Shaanxi Shu Xing Province, Shaanxi Xishu Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Sichuan Xing Province and so on. Later, the name was stable as Shaanxi Sichuan Province. Since then, Shaanxi and Sichuan Province suffered abandonment and recovery in the late period.

To the 23rd year of the Yuan Dynasty (1286), the Yuan government divided Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces into Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces, which had a long-term pattern of two provinces except for a brief merger in the middle period. The Inner Mongolia and Yuan dynasties also continued the subordinate relationship of Shaanxi in the Jin Dynasty. Shanzhou belonged to Henan Jiangbei Province, but not to Shaanxi (Sichuan) Province.

Shaanxi Province in the first year of Zhishun (1330)

Contains most of today's Shaanxi Province.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, although the administrative scope of Shaanxi Province has been adjusted several times, the regionalization pattern of Shaanxi belonging to Henan Province has not changed.

Shaanxi during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty

Is it different from the wide range of Shaanxi today?

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

Although the Shaanxi Yuan is not in today's Shaanxi Province, the connotation of the word "Shaanxi" and its outstanding human and geographical features are engraved in the impression of countless people on Shaanxi.

In Shaanxi Province, where the plateau and mountain topography account for 81% of the total area, this type of landform is very common. From the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi to the banks of the Weihe River in the Guanzhong Plain, this kind of plateau is not only a dangerous place, but also a home for people to inhabit.

From the highland to the plain

It is the unique charm of this yellow land.

Caves are the most representative residential buildings in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi. Most of our common caves are cliff-type and adobe-type caves, but there is a relatively rare cave cave. This kind of cave is often built under the tableland or terraces in the whole village and street. Seen from a distance, only the trees on the ground of the village can be seen. The land at the top of the pit can also be used for the cultivation of crops.

"I've never lived in a cave, but I haven't been to northern Shaanxi."

This kind of pit building is a unique residential building with a perfect combination of man and nature. Although Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and other places also have many pit caves, but its most well-known representative is in Sanmenxia City, Shaanxi District, which is the Tianjing kiln, also known as the pit courtyard. It can be seen that although Shaanxi and Shaanxi have been in different provinces and regions, the same cultural roots do not differ greatly from place to place.

People from northern Shaanxi came to the pit courtyard in Sanmenxia, Shaanxi.

There may be a feeling of going back to home.

From Lao Tongguan meat Jia mo, to Lingbao meat Jia mo, from Qishan minced noodles to Lingbao broadsword noodles, the same popular mutton soup, the same popular retort cake, the simple smell of fireworks on the yellow land, and the never-ending vitality of ancient civilization. between the eastward flow of the Yellow River and the change of stars, with strong nostalgia entangling the hearts of every wanderer who comes out of here.

It is this mouthful of meat in a bun that is greedy!

Therefore, do not care about the difference between Shaanxi and Henan, and there is no need to create the difference between Henan and Western Qin. No one can erase the historical imprint that Changan Luoyang once tied closely to here, and no one can easily put down the noodle bowl of stewed life.

What we adhere to is our home, and what we inherit is Huaxia.

Reference:

1. [later Jin] Liu Jie et al wrote the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 1975.

two。 Tuotuo et al., History of the Song Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.

3. Wen Junxuan: geography sees the world.

4. Song Jie: the Geographic Hub of Ancient China War, Beijing Science and Technology Press, 2022.

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