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This article comes from the official account of Wechat: back to Park (ID:fanpu2019), author: Fang Yi Fang

There are many ways for doctors to transform, some of which are to help more people.

Write an article | Fang Yi Fang

On May 12, 1896, the Hawaiian Bulletin (Hawaiian Gazette) published a flight passenger notice, including 32-year-old Jin Yunmei, who will take the Pacific steamship to San Francisco.

Jin Yunmei was born in Ningbo. Her parents died when she was young, and she was adopted by missionary Divie McCartee and his wife. When her countrymen were still closed in the Millennium Empire, Jin Yunmei was enlightened by foreign countries and was admitted to New York Women's Medical College in the beautiful and intelligent 16-year-old. Five years later, she became the first Chinese woman to have a medical doctorate.

Figure 1. New York Women's Medical College Building Source: https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/ tag / womens-medical-college-of-new-york-infirmary/ when the ocean liner set sail from Honolulu, it was two years before the Kingdom of Hawaii officially joined the United States Federation. At that time, the relationship between Hawaii and the federal government had not been straightened out, management was chaotic, and communications were lagging behind. for this reason, Jin Yunmei's efforts to apply for the qualification of an American medical practitioner from Hawaii were delayed at this time. The law of the United States does not automatically govern the island country, and the people of the island country have no legal way to complain to the federal government.

At the beginning of graduation many years ago, Jin Yunmei was eager to return home and immediately became a missionary doctor in Xiamen Church Hospital. She travels frequently between China and Japan, not only engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of surgery, obstetrics and gynecology and infectious diseases, but also enthusiastic about the teaching of medical technology and the dissemination of health knowledge, while taking care of her adoptive parents living in Kobe. The tense work mode lasted for two years, and Jin Yunmei suffered from typhoid fever because she could not adapt to the drinking water quality in Xiamen. After recovering, Jin Yunmei had to choose to set up a private clinic in Kobe and practice medicine independently for another five years.

The story of Jin Yunmei, a medical newcomer, was introduced by the missionary doctors' association in China in the press for the first time, because there were only a handful of Chinese and Western doctors at that time. During this period, Dr. Huang Kuan, an early doctor of medicine from the University of Edinburgh, and Dr. Guan Tao, the chief Chinese doctor of the Boji Department, both died. Dr. he Qi was in the pain of losing his wife and was mourning in preparation for the construction of Hong Kong Alice Memorial Hospital. Sun Yat-sen also endorsed at Boji Medical School and Hong Kong University of Western Medicine, as well as an apprenticeship at Alice Memorial Hospital.

In other words, in the fault of modern Chinese medicine, Jin Yunmei walked alone and became a symbol of Chinese scientific women, so she was enthusiastically followed by the media. On June 11, 1885, the Sumner Bulletin (Sumner Gazette) reported that May King, whose Chinese name is Jin Yamei (Kin Yamei), graduated from New York Women's Medical College on Friday. She was the first female doctor of medicine in the country. The next day, the Edinburgh Evening News (Edinburgh Evening News) reported that among the distinguished guests attending the graduation ceremony were consular officials of the Qing Dynasty.

As his adoptive father, Mak Jiadi, M.D., has lived in Japan for a long time and has a good reputation, the story of his adopted daughter has also become local news. In August 1887, the Japanese medical magazine Adult Medical Association monthly (Sei-i-Kwai Medical Journal) published news that Dr. King planned to pursue postgraduate studies in Philadelphia, Washington, and New York, and to receive residency training in hospitals in New York and Vermont. Hong Kong's China Post, also known as "The China Mail", also reprinted the report.

When the news came back to China, the The China Medical Missionary Journal, which was just published in 1887, certainly did not ignore the news about the development of missionary doctors and their descendants. It was reported continuously in the quarterly journals published in September and December respectively: "Jin Yamei, a Chinese girl, graduated from New York Women's Medical College with the highest credit this year." Dr. Jin, who is related to the Reformed sect in Xiamen, is taking solid measures. Began to work in women's medical work here.

In 1895, Jin Yunmei, who was married, arrived in Hawaii to give birth, and took advantage of this opportunity to prepare ten years of academic and clinical data and other materials such as praise from all walks of life, and registered to apply for a practice license, but there was no news. At that time, the United States had just begun to strictly implement the medical practitioner system, which aimed to exclude quacks from the increasingly standardized health care system, in order to maximize the protection of the rights and interests of both doctors and patients. The lack of experience in practicing medicine in the United States is Jin Yunmei's weakness, and I am afraid it is also the reason why the application was fruitless.

Second, since the road to medical practice has been interrupted, how can Jin Yunmei, who landed in San Francisco again, adapt to life in the United States again? It should be noted that Jin Yunmei is far from a simple doctor. She has known the United States since she was a child. She has a perfect knowledge structure and mature personality. As an intellectual elite, she has always paid close attention to the cultural similarities and differences and political and economic trends between China and the United States. In the midsummer of the year, Li Hongzhang, an important minister of the Qing Dynasty, visited the East of the United States, during which the core issues disclosed directly affected Jin Yunmei's future life orientation and work focus: fade out to treat diseases and directly save people from crisis.

On August 29, 1896, the New York Times published the Chronicle of Li Hongzhang's visit to New York, saying that "Li Hongzhang arrived in New York at 2 p.m. yesterday on the cruise ship St. Louis. As an envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty, he officially visited the United States at the end of his mission to Russia. He received a VIP reception from representatives of the US government at the dock, which not only shows his high dignity, but also shows the greatness of the Qing Empire."

Li Hongzhang, 74, has just toured Europe, but despite his old age, he met with many political dignitaries of old and new friends during his visit to New York, exchanged views and even exchanged views on major issues between the two countries. He also spent most of the day laying flowers in the graveyard of his old friend President Grant, showing the cultural etiquette of the millennium to the public.

At the same time, Li Hongzhang made no secret of his dissatisfaction with the "Chinese exclusion Act" passed by the US Congress in 1882 and hoped that the US press would exert its influence and help the overseas Chinese of the Qing Dynasty to repeal the "Chinese exclusion Act." In the end, Li Hongzhang decided to return home via Canada instead of the western United States to express his protest against the mass discrimination suffered by his compatriots in the United States, especially in the western part of the United States.

Putting aside her identity as a professional doctor, from the perspective of Chinese Americans in the United States, Jin Yunmei immediately found that in places where Li Hongzhang did not want to appear, it was worth giving a public speech and talking to the American people. On October 15, 1896, the Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles Times) announced that Jin Yunmei, a Chinese missionary doctor, would hold a lecture at the Presbyterian Church in Orange County, California, on October 18, with topics beyond medical health and focusing on the cultural differences between China and the United States and the current situation of Chinese living in the United States.

We should know that at this time, Chinese workers in the areas to be developed on the west coast of the United States are being widely rejected by public opinion and administrative bills. Jin Yunmei dared to stand up in California, the center of the storm, and her courage and justice won a point for the Chinese in the United States. The lecture also predicted that she was about to start a life journey to fight for the rights and interests of Chinese in American society.

Third, looking back at the history, the scattered ecology of Chinese living in the United States is worth rethinking. Since 1867, the total number of Chinese in California has reached 300000, but the Chinese Federation Hall, which represents the Chinese, has no modern consciousness and does not encourage Chinese to participate in political activities. At that time, California's 10th gubernatorial campaign was in full swing. George C. Gorham, the Republican candidate for minority rights, sympathized with the Chinese workers at the bottom, but lost by thousands of votes as the Chinese collectively curled up in a corner of Chinatown and did nothing. Since then, the Chinese have no spokesman in the political arena! The Chinese exclusion Act was introduced without hindrance.

In fact, as early as when Jin Yunmei faced the mainstream American society and confessed the cultural and political differences between China and the United States, Wang Qingfu (Wong Chin Foo,1847-1898), a Chinese political and human rights leader active in the eastern United States, had already done a lot of similar work. Wang Qingfu was adopted and nurtured by missionaries when he was young. At the age of 21, he arrived in Washington to attend school. At the same time, he also served as a teacher of Chinese culture. He wrote columns in various Chinese and English media, calling on Chinese Americans to fight for their rights and interests, oppose racial discrimination, and appear in American society as an intellectual elite.

In 1883, Wang Qingfu published the Chinese version of "Mei Hua Xin Bao". In the past ten years, he launched "Hua Yang Xin Bao", "New York Chinese Weekly" and "New York Chinese" to build a platform of public opinion and a position to safeguard the rights of ethnic Chinese. On November 18, 1892, Wang Qingfu issued an important political document, the Declaration of Equal Rights Assembly of Chinese. As a political pioneer of Chinese Americans in the United States, his words and deeds undoubtedly become Jin Yunmei's example.

Wang Qingfu was keen on business speeches and spread Chinese culture, breaking through the bloody and tearful businesses that Chinese in the United States were mainly engaged in, such as mining, road construction, small businesses, and so on. Since 1878, Wang Qingfu has hired an agent to sell lecture tickets for him, charging 25 cents each, a record of 4000 people in a single audience. In the era of an average daily salary of $1, the audience voluntarily spent the price of the same delicious Chinese food to listen to the lecture, which shows that Wang Qingfu is very popular.

Jin Yunmei is back on the path of her predecessors' success, charging up to $1 per performance for her business lecture tour across the United States, almost the star price. During her stay in the United States from 1903 to 1905, Jin Yunmei traveled to schools, women's clubs and churches in New York, Washington, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco and Los Angeles. The lecture covered science and technology, life perception, world history and oriental culture.

The mainstream American media followed the Chinese woman, from curious about her fluent English and elegant clothes to her feminist views, her introduction of traditional Chinese culture and the comparison between Eastern and Western cultures. In the Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles Times) on March 7, 1903, Jin Yunmei introduced her experience of practicing medicine in China to the city's medical association.

"she is fluent in English, rich and beautiful, humorous and relaxed, and every time she looks up and smiles, she brings a burst of joy. Dr. Kim talked about the story of treating the governor's wife. Later, Yuan Shikai took her home with his own governor's sedan, and ordered his subordinate officials to accompany her along the way,'he sent me home like a man.'a few details show the characteristics of the times that the patriarchal almanac of Chinese society is slowly changing."

On September 26, 1904, the Boston Global (Boston Globe) predicted that Jin Yunmei would speak at the Boston International Peace Forum. Although Jin Yunmei is divorced from the American medical profession, her social influence goes beyond the daily work of an ordinary medical doctor. She was studying soy fermentation at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to try to increase people's sources of protein intake.

Since 1909, the number of students studying in the United States has increased rapidly. As a senior elite in the United States, Jin Yunmei is eager to communicate with the undergraduates. According to the monthly Journal of Chinese students, founded in 1906, Jin Yunmei first opened a lecture at Columbia University in 1911, followed by about ten years. During this period, both Hu Shi, who later became a master of Chinese culture, and Lu Bicheng, an early representative of women's rights who had accumulated experience in politics, studied at Columbia University. Jin Yunmei's career transformation has fully influenced a generation.

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Figure 2. Manhattan's first Presbyterian church and West 11th Street residence. Photo: in the late autumn of 2022, taking advantage of the cold, I specially went for a walk around West 11th Street in Lower Manhattan, New York. This used to be the last place where Jin Yunmei lived in the United States, sneaking through the cracks in time and space, peeping into Jin Yunmei's private meaning. Bypassing the shouting peddlers in Union Square, turning the corner of the cafe on College Avenue, it immediately became classical and quiet. A nearly 200-meter-long British conglomerate apartment has been standing here for at least a century.

At the end of the 19th century, it was expensive to train an M.D., with only a medical school fee of $2000. If McGarty and his wife had invested this huge sum of money in New York real estate, it would have been enough to buy half of the street they are now renting. This batch of elderly buildings do not seem to have undergone large-scale demolition and transformation, the residential buildings are solid and solid, and the street view is simple and peaceful.

Following Dr. Jin's footprints and identifying every doorway along the street, the historical materials about Jin Yunmei's residence in New York quickly converged in my memory cortex. According to the data of the US census in January 1920, Jin Yunmei, 56, lived in an old house on West Eleventh Street and registered with a 93-year-old woman to take good care of her adoptive mother's old age. The lab of the Food Research Center, where she works daily, is located on the top floor of 641 Washington Street not far away.

After walking around the front street and back alley, I found that the first Presbyterian church in Manhattan still retained its grand style, and the scenery was roughly the same. At that time, when the church bell rang, the mother and daughter would join hands to enter the temple of sustenance on time. 150 years ago, it was precisely because of the Presbyterian fate that Jin Yunmei, a 3-year-old Ningbo orphan, tied the knot with Mai Jiadi and his wife who went to preach in China.

Not far from Jin Yunmei's former home on West 11th Street, walk a few blocks east. The 12th Street on second Avenue is the teaching building of the Women's Medical College where she studied more than 30 years ago. At that time, a large number of female intellectual elites who broke through the confines of tradition emerged from this building to serve the people all over the world. In addition to the famous Black Stone, the first black female doctor, there is another senior sister, Lai Maxi, who founded Guangzhou Open Heart School for Blind Girls after graduation, serving the welfare of blind children in China all her life and enjoying a reputation in China.

Figure 3. Millard's Review of the Far East in June 1920, the famous Shanghai magazine Miller Review (Millard's Review of the Far East) predicted, "Dr. Jin Yunmei has returned home!" The unique experience of Jin Yunmei, who is already 56 years old, has once again won the attention of the mainstream media. This happened in the context of the May 4th Movement, and it is only natural for China's first medical female doctor to be regarded as a representative of women in the new era because her life trajectory is superimposed with hot symbols such as science, democracy, feminism and so on. After her transoceanic return, she never left her hometown.

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