Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Earth knowledge Bureau (ID:diqiuzhishiju), author: cold Night Cold Star, revised manuscript: Chao Qian / Editor: Guo Guo

From "Harbin at Night" to "gunshots at the Madiere Hotel", from "minus 38 degrees" to "on the cliff" of the previous fire, the image of Harbin's "capital of international spies" has been miraculously depicted by wave after wave of espionage films.

However, 100 years ago, Harbin was still a young city moving from an emerging commercial center and transportation hub to a political center. The political center of Heilongjiang did not gradually settle in Harbin until the Beiyang government period. So which city was the administrative center of the black land nourished by the Heilongjiang River Basin for more than a thousand years before that?

Heilongjiang Province, the northernmost ▼ in China

Today's article will take you to find out.

There is a fence in front of Changbai Mountain, and the northeast of Chengguo on the bank of Heilongjiang. After the construction of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, it is located to the east of Shanhaiguan, also known as "Kanto". In the northeast, with mountains and rivers connected and land connected, its economic form and way of life have shown diversity since ancient times, including agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting and so on. "Baishan (Changbai Mountain) Heishui (Heilongjiang)" is the intuitive impression of most people on the vast land of Northeast China.

The reason why the series of sketches of "Baiyun Black soil" are so popular

It is precisely because it skillfully combines the natural characteristics of the Northeast with people's names.

(iconic Tooth collapse: "yesterday, Today, tomorrow") ▼

Heilongjiang Province, which is located at the northernmost end of Northeast China, is also known as "five mountains, one water and one grass".

From west to east, Daxing'an Mountains, Xiaoxing'an Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, Laoye Ling and Wanda Mountains are called "five mountains"; the vast Heilongjiang basin, including Nenjiang River, Songhua River, and many other tributaries, is called "one water"; Sanjiang Plain and Songnen Plain are called "one grass" along the plains and grassland pastures of the Songhua River valley, and mountains, platforms, and plains form "three fields" at high and low elevations.

The ▼ of "five mountains, one water and one grass" in Heilongjiang

The multiculturalism nurtured by the pluralistic economy has made this region show more and more powerful historical vitality in the political and military fields since the Middle Ages. The history and culture of Heilongjiang also has the blending and collision of multiculturalism and history.

Before the Tang Dynasty, the exchanges and collisions between the civilization of the Central Plains and Heilongjiang were not frequent, but there were some ethnic minorities, such as the people of Lou, Fuyu, Xianbei, Wuji and Mba, who thrived and sprung up in this land one after another. The competition between multiculturalism and various forces has created the change of the political center of "you sing and I will take the stage" here.

It is said that the history of the first "immortal beast" in Northeast China being hunted by the Northeast people

It can be traced back to the time of Yilou people.

At the beginning of the 8th century, the central government of the Tang Dynasty set up Shi Wei du du Fu in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang River and Heishui du du Fu in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River. The governance of Heishui du du Fu was located in Khabarovsk, Russia, at the confluence of Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River. Although these two governors were the capitals of Jimi [j ü m í] state, and their governors were headed by the heads of the departments of Shiwei and Heishui, they were the beginning of the Central Plains regime's strategy of Heilongjiang.

If you want to control a place, you must first win over the leader of the place.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

The Nuzhen nationality is the most famous ethnic minority in the Heilongjiang valley. They were exploited and oppressed by the Qidan people during the Liao Dynasty. During the decline of the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda, the outstanding leader of the Nuzhen nationality, took advantage of unifying the various ministries of Nuzhen and established the Jin regime. Huining House, the capital (today's Acheng District of Harbin). Before the 1153 annuity moved to Yanjing, Huining Prefecture was the capital of the Jin Dynasty for 38 years.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Heilongjiang was under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Road, Liao State.

Until Ah Gu settled the capital of Ningfu, and then came under the jurisdiction of Shangjing Road.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

A map of the vicinity of Huining House in Beijing in modern times

(photo: the second part of the Old Chronicles of Taizhou) ▼

After conquering the Jin Dynasty, Mongolia set up Liaoyang Province to further strengthen its jurisdiction over the northeast region, and set up Kaiyuan Road and Shuidada Road subordinate to Liaoyang Province in Heilongjiang. Kaiyuan Road mainly governs the "birth of Nuzhen", which has a lower degree of Sinicization than that of "familiar Nuzhen" in Liaodong Peninsula. the road is in Huanglongfu (Nong'an County, Jilin Province).

Since the Liao and Jin dynasties, Huanglongfu has been an important town in Northeast China.

Yue Fei said, "go straight to Huanglong House and drink bitterly with you."

It refers to Huanglong House, which is the provincial road of Liaoyang.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

The ancient city has long gone up in smoke, and history has vanished.

Only the ancient pagoda quietly guarded the land.

On the other hand, Shuidada Road is a relatively backward Shuida Nuzhen. At the time of the revolution of the Jin and Yuan dynasties, they were forced to move westward and gradually moved eastward. As a result, the Nuzhen nationality formed two trends at this time, one further integrated with the Han and Mongolian to the south, and the other moved eastward to maintain the life of fishing and hunting. For Shuida Nuzhen, the Yuan Dynasty actually did not implement the Central Plains governance model of roads, prefectures and counties, but set up five ten thousand houses and Marshal Mansion (now Nikolayevsk, Russia).

The five Wanhu prefectures are located at the southwest corner of Shuida Road.

It is far away from Yuan Shuai's mansion at the northeast mouth of Heilongjiang.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty set up Nuergan to command the envoy to the east of the Yuan Dynasty, which was in charge of the Heilongjiang River valley inhabited by the Nuzhen nationality. Nuer Gancheng, which is today called "Temple Street" by the Chinese, has become the administrative center of the entire Heilongjiang valley. The rising Temple Street City outside Yongning Temple in the Ming Dynasty gradually prospered by virtue of the advantages of water transportation and commercial trade.

There are a wide range of guards and offices in the area, which serves as the local military and political system to which the department belongs.

(the inner guard of the map is for illustration only, not all, view across the screen)

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

Because there is Yongning Temple in Telin.

The villages and towns at the mouth of Heilongjiang are called "Temple Street" by the Chinese.

(the monument of Yongning Temple, deposited at the far East History Museum in Alseniyev, Vladivostok: wiki) ▼

The upper waters of Heilongjiang are fishy, Nuzhen Lianbing Xia Daning from Nuerhachi unified Nuzhen ministries, to Shunzhi Qing army entered the customs, the ethnic distribution and power balance in the northeast region have undergone great changes due to the rise of Manchuria. After the Qing army entered the customs, tsarist Russia took advantage of the emptiness of the Heilongjiang valley, invaded the Heilongjiang basin twice and established strongholds in Yaksa and other places.

The Battle of Yaksa, the city defense map of Yaksa at that time

(figure: wiki) ▼

In order to resist the aggression of tsarist Russia and strengthen the jurisdiction over the Heilongjiang River Basin, in December of the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi (1683), the Qing government decided to set up more local generals, referred to as Heilongjiang generals, to guard Heilongjiang and other places. the government was located in the city of Heilongjiang built at that time (present-day Heihe City, Heilongjiang).

In the 29 year of Emperor Kangxi (1689), after driving out the tsarist invaders and signing the Nibuchu Treaty between China and Russia, it was considered that Heilongjiang City was located along the main stream of the Heilongjiang River. Once tsarist Russia came down the river and invaded, there was no danger to defend. Therefore, the Qing government decided that the general of Heilongjiang would move to the city of Melgen in the Nenjiang River valley (present-day Nenjiang City, Heilongjiang).

Melgen was the veritable center of Heilongjiang at that time.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

Compared with Heilongjiang City, the city of Melgen is blocked by the Great Xingan Mountains in the west, the Ilhuri Mountains in the north and the Xiaoxingan Mountains in the east, which has a certain strategic buffer space, but after all, the city of Melgen is a small town. its urban construction level and traffic conditions are actually difficult to meet the office needs of the provincial capital. Therefore, in the 38 year of Emperor Kangxi (1699), the Qing government chose the location of Bu Kuiyi Station in the relatively open plain of the middle reaches of the Nenjiang River and began to build Qiqihar City.

In just 16 years, the provincial capital has moved to Vietnam ▼.

The purpose of the Qing Dynasty to build this city is to build a new administrative center in the Heilongjiang general area. In the 38 year of Emperor Kangxi, Heilongjiang General Yamen officially moved to Qiqihar City.

Compared with Melgen City with relatively inconvenient transportation in the upper reaches of the Nenjiang River, Qiqihar not only has a strategic buffer surrounded by the three mountains, but also has more convenient traffic conditions and excellent plain agricultural and animal husbandry land in the middle and lower reaches of the Nenjiang River. Today's Qiqihar ecological environment is still pleasant, because of the large-scale red-crowned crane habitat wetland, and known as the "Crane City".

"the hometown of Red-crowned Cranes", a treasure in the hearts of Qiqihar people

In 33 (1907), the Qing government abolished the general of Heilongjiang, established Heilongjiang province, and promoted the Heishui Hall where Qiqihar was located to Longjiang House as the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province. The construction reform in the late Qing Dynasty not only formally established a province in Heilongjiang, but also attracted Han refugees and reclaimed wasteland, thus promoting the development of agriculture and industry and commerce here.

The history of the relocation of the Qing government to the provincial capital of Heilongjiang

Finally came to an end.

(refer to the Historical Atlas of China) ▼

However, the Qing government lifted the ban on Northeast China at this time, to a large extent, because Japan and Russia continued to step up their aggression against Northeast China after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War. At this time, the Qing government had to emigrate to consolidate the border areas in order to resist foreign aggression.

Since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, tsarist Russia has been the number one enemy threatening the Heilongjiang River Basin. During the second Opium War, tsarist Russia seized about 1 million square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River through the Sino-Russian Treaty of Tibet and the Treaty of Beijing.

The two treaties cut out the embryonic form of the northeast border of Heilongjiang today.

(watch on horizontal screen) ▼

When the great powers set off a frenzy of carving up China in the 19th century, tsarist Russia not only designated the vast area north of the Great Wall as its sphere of influence in China, but also planned to further seize the resources of Northeast China by building a railway across Northeast China connecting Siberia and the Taiping coast of the far East.

External worries and internal troubles (picture of current situation: wiki) ▼

In 1903, Dongqing Railway (since then changed its name constantly, such as Middle East Railway, medium-long Railway, etc.) was officially put into operation. With Harbin as the center, Manzhouli in the west, Suifenhe in the east and Dalian in the south, the route is T-shaped with a total length of about 2400 km.

After the completion of the Middle East railway, a large amount of capital poured into the towns along the railway, and the commerce and trade of some traffic nodes developed rapidly. Relying on the railway and taking commerce as the intermediary, the commercial towns in Heilongjiang, such as Harbin and Fularji, have developed rapidly.

Harbin is the main hub of the east, west and south lines of Dongqing Railway (▼)

Dongqing Railway on Songhua River Bridge

(figure: wiki) ▼

In particular, Harbin, as the transportation hub of the Middle East railway, the continuous accumulation of commerce and trade, coupled with the immigration boom after the lifting of the ban in the northeast of the Qing government, the population of Harbin continues to grow, and the embryonic form of the modern city has become increasingly apparent.

At that time, Harbin was not only an international commercial port, more than 160000 overseas Chinese from 33 countries gathered here, 19 countries set up consulates here, and its political status was also rising day by day.

At that time, the Central Street was already very "foreign".

(photo: restoration of old historical photos) ▼

Although after the founding of the Republic of China, Longjiang (Qiqihar) was still initially used as the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province (which was later substantially abolished for a period of time and divided into several provinces), its political and economic influence in Heilongjiang has been much lower than that of the former Qing Dynasty.

With the formal establishment of the East Provincial Special area (provincial administrative unit, which is basically at the same level as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and rehe Special areas) in 1923, Harbin has taken over Qiqihar to become the political and economic center of Heilongjiang.

Harbin is a city born of railways.

As a result, it can grow rapidly.

(photo: commemorative Gift of the Siberian Army in Harbin part I) ▼

After the September 18 incident in 1931, four provinces and one region in Northeast China fell into the hands of Japanese invaders. The following year, Japan supported Puyi to establish a puppet regime of the puppet Manchuria in the northeast.

In Harbin in the 1930s, all kinds of exotic buildings were scattered in Harbin, and Russian, Japanese and English signs could be seen everywhere on the streets. Although Japan has strengthened the industrial and municipal construction of Harbin and other northeast cities for the sake of its aggressive policy of "mainland policy", there is an undercurrent and crime raging behind the humiliation and prosperity of this colony.

These exotic buildings

Recording the painful memories of the city in the past

The national contradictions under Japan's enslavement education continue to intensify, while the two parties of the State, the Communist Party and the external forces of the Soviet Union and other forces are intertwined, and the underground competition is fierce, and the spy films are based on Harbin during this period.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, when the northeast administrative organ of the National Government was slowly restored, the people's Army easily entered Harbin in April 1946.

Harbin, the eldest son of the Republic, is the earliest liberated big city in China.

(Harbin Daily democratic coalition forces stationed in Harbin) ▼

On the eve of the founding of New China, Harbin, located in the hinterland of the liberated areas and close to the Soviet Union, was the safest big city at that time, and was once one of more than a dozen candidate cities for the capital of New China.

In 1953, 13 of the 156 key projects of the first five-year Plan were settled in Harbin. With the rise of one factory building after another, Harbin began to play an important role in the country's economic recovery and construction.

China's first heavy Machinery Plant built with the assistance of the former Soviet Union during the first five-year Plan

Headquartered in Fularji District, Qiqihar City

It is ▼, the predecessor of CFHI now.

In 1954, the organizational system of Songjiang Province (provincial capital Harbin) and Harbin municipality directly under the Central Government was abolished, and Heilongjiang Province (provincial capital Qiqihar) was merged into a new Heilongjiang Province, and Harbin was determined as the provincial capital.

The pioneering of the ancestors, the disputes of all ethnic groups, the heroic resistance, the humiliating enslavement, and the changes of the provincial capital of Heilongjiang Province not only reflect the bravery and perseverance of the Chinese nation, but also contain the humiliation and sadness of backwardness and beating. On the road of more than 70 years of revival of New China, Harbin has written miracles of industrial construction with efficiency, unity and dedication.

Whether it is industry, economy, tourism or culture

The railway city is still booming.

Today, on the road to the revitalization of the Northeast, we also look forward to the new achievements of Longjiang Earth!

References:

1. [yuan] Tuotuo et al., History of Gold, Zhonghua Book Company, March 2016.

two。 Li Zhiting: general History of Northeast China, Zhongzhou Ancient Book Publishing House, January 2003.

3. Tan Qiyi, Historical Atlas of China, China Cartographic Publishing House, October 1982.

4. Wang Zhao: the beginning and end of the Middle East Railway, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, No. 3, 1983.

5. Harbin News Network: "the first five-year Plan Project hits the Ice City and rises rapidly."

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