Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Earth knowledge Bureau (ID:diqiuzhishiju), author: Lu Song Liu Da Tou, revised manuscript: Chao Qian / Editor: chestnut, tuna

The original title: "Why did Vietnam copy Chinese place names?" "

For the Chinese, Vietnam is a magical country. It has been baptized by Chinese culture, making it have strong characteristics of East Asian civilization, but the unique geographical location and the history of French colonization make this country have its own cultural form, which is worth exploring.

This brings a fascinating feature of all parts of Vietnam: the fully Latinized text expresses similar or even the same place names as China, which makes people feel friendly.

What's going on?

Even after the Latinization of Vietnamese characters, they still retain the form of brush calligraphy.

The regret of the five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms after the founding of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with the existing territory model of the Seven Kingdoms, opened up the Xiongnu territory to the north and developed to the south at the same time, and sent a large army over the southern five mountains to occupy today's Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. The territory newly brought under the jurisdiction of the central dynasty includes the present-day northern Vietnam (Luoyue).

After Qin destroyed the six Kingdoms, the Southern Expedition of Baiyue and the Northern Expedition of Xiongnu

Greatly expanded the scale of the Central Plains regime, ▼.

At that time, Elephant County was the superior unit in charge of this northern part of Vietnam, and administratively established the jurisdiction of the central dynasty over northern Vietnam, and the military and civilian people from Qin and the conquered six countries began to enter the closed southern mountains and found a foothold. Chinese culture was introduced in this way.

There is not much overlap between the scope of Elephant County in Qin Dynasty and that in Vietnam today.

Only on the basis of Qin Dynasty did the Han Dynasty expand ▼ to the south.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, although Zhao Tuo, an elder, was temporarily independent during the chaotic period, because he was an old minister of the State of Qin, Baiyue still absorbed the Central Plains culture during each generation of Nanyue kings, especially the written official system and other senior administrative tools were popularized. Of course, at this time, the Central Plains culture here has been localized, and the Yue culture is gradually integrated.

Zhao Tuo, a lieutenant of Nanhai County, established Nanyue by merging Guilin County and Elephant County.

Zhao Tuo's policy of harmonizing and collecting Baiyue

Promoted the integration of Central Plains and South Vietnamese, ▼

It can be said that Nanyue contributed a lot to the spread of Central Plains culture.

Students who go to Guangzhou must go to the Nanyue Palace Museum in the Western Han Dynasty.

At the same time, the territory of South Vietnam is also constantly expanding. By the time Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified Nanyue, its territory had been extended to central Vietnam, and continued to expand after Emperor Wu.

After the destruction of Nanyue in the Western Han Dynasty, nine counties were established.

Some scholars believe that the territory of Nanyue in the later period is equivalent to that of the nine counties as ▼.

From the troubled times of the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, because of the large-scale development activities of the Red River Basin, its degree of development was even comparable to that of the Pearl River Basin at that time.

However, with the war at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the independence of various envoys, north-central Vietnam gradually broke away from the control of the Central Plains Dynasty and became virtually independent in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the early Ming Dynasty once resumed its rule over northern Vietnam, it was soon lost.

During the period of late Tang and five dynasties, Yue Bei still relied on itself at a certain degree.

But the Vietnamese serve as the supreme chief executive and in fact have autonomy ▼

Although the north of Vietnam is in fact divorced from the central dynasty in the political system, Vietnam is still carrying on the localization inheritance of Chinese culture in the development of the cultural system. The most typical representative is the "Little China system" set up by Vietnam in Southeast Asia, which asks other countries to pay tribute to itself while paying tribute to China.

This is also reflected in the fields of writing and place names, and the most striking is that the word "Vietnam" is the name given by the Jiaqing emperor.

Ruan Di wants to be named "South Vietnam", which is considered "ambitious".

Therefore, it was vetoed by Emperor Jiaqing and was named "Vietnam".

(figure: wiki) ▼

What is Vietnamese place name Vietnam administrative division has some slight differences with China, similar to China, but also implements a three-level administrative division system.

The first level is divided into provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the administrative level is similar to the provincial level in China, but in area, it is only equivalent to the ordinary prefecture-level cities in China.

Vietnam is small but has 63 provincial administrative regions.

Compared with the provinces of China, it is very mini ▼.

At the second level, the province is divided into cities under the provincial jurisdiction, city societies and counties, and the municipalities directly under the central government are divided into counties, city societies and counties. The administrative level is equivalent to the county level of our country, and the scale is also equivalent to the county level of our country, and the county is equivalent to the urban area, the city society is equivalent to the county city, and the county is equivalent to the ordinary county.

At the third level, counties are divided into cooperatives and cities and towns; provincial municipalities and municipal cooperatives are divided into squares and communes; counties are divided into squares, which are equivalent to the township level of our country in administrative level, and the scale is also similar, in which the square is equivalent to the street, the town is equivalent to the town, and the society is equivalent to the township.

In order to manage nearly 100 million people efficiently

The scientific setting of administrative districts is particularly important, ▼

In fact, it can also be seen from the administrative division, such as the unit of "Fang", which obviously comes from the Lifang system of urban management in ancient China. Such as "state" and "county" show that the infiltration of Chinese culture is significant at the administrative level in Vietnam.

In terms of specific place names, Vietnam has learned from China to a great extent.

What is worth talking about is the King of Anyang. According to legend, the word "Anyang" is the title of the prince of ancient Shu, which has nothing to do with Anyang in Henan Province of China. One way of saying its name is the Karu River in Vietnam (ancient Anshui), because the king city is on its north side. According to the naming custom of the cultural circle of Chinese characters, it is named Anyang (the same is true of Luoyang in China).

King Anyang established the capital city Guluocheng 35 kilometers north of Hanoi today.

Because its shape is very similar to the snail shell, the name "ancient Loa" means "old snail".

(figure: wiki) ▼

Perhaps due to the relocation of the capital, there are two sites related to King Anyang in Vietnam, one is Guangming Society, Miling County, Yongfu Province, and the other is Guluo Society, Dongying County, Hanoi, where the Temple of King Anyang is built. All kinds of Anyang place names in Vietnam, such as Anyang Society, Lishi County, Yongfu Province, Anyang Square, Lizhen County, Haiphong City, and Anyang Town, Anhai County, are enough to see the far-reaching influence of the word "Anyang" on Vietnam.

The naming rule of "the south of the mountain and the water of the north is called Zhiyang" is a common relic of Han culture, which has already played a role in the ancient Yue people.

Guluocheng was the capital of Ouyang (then Vietnam).

The people of Guancheng (now Guanghan) and Oufu in Sichuan are also said to have a relationship.

After the Central Plains dynasty went south, there were some names that collided with the current administrative division name of our country in this county. For example, Xianyou County in Beining Province collided with Xianyou in Fujian Province, and Dongxing County in Taiping Province collided with Dongxing in Guangxi.

The Sun Wu regime of the three Kingdoms had strong control over northern Vietnam and set up Wuning County, which is the same as Wuning in Jiangxi Province today.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, Nanding County was set up and later changed to Wu'an County, which is the same as that of Wuan County in Hebei Province.

The influence of ancient China on Vietnam is very far-reaching, ▼.

During the Sui, Tang and five dynasties, this was the last stage of the Central Plains dynasty's long-term large-scale rule over Vietnam, including Cilian County, Huaide County, Xin'an Prefecture, Anren County and Wuezhou, among which Xin'an Prefecture had the same name as Xin'an in Henan Province.

It is worth noting that during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, there was a prefecture, and there are still Yanzhou County, which is the only place name in Vietnam that has been in use for more than 1200 years and has not been interrupted. The source seems to have something to do with the nomenclature of rivers.

Lovely small coastal county

(figure: wiki) ▼

Sometimes in Vietnam, like the Central Plains dynasty, place names were renamed because of taboo. Among them, some of them changed their names because of the emperors of the Central Plains Dynasty, for example, the name of Longyuan County in the Tang Dynasty was changed to the name of Li Yuan, and the other said that it was also for homeopathy to make use of the ancient tribal names of Ouqiu; or during the Li Dynasty in Vietnam, it was changed to Wujiang County because Wuning County avoided the village Li Weining taboo.

There is also the Xin'an place mentioned above, which is also the taboo of avoiding Zong Li Weixin from Xin'an to Xian'an during the Li Dynasty. On the other hand, there is also a reason for the alienation of pronunciation. This place name has been preserved today in Xian'an County, Guangning Province.

The above-mentioned Chinese-style place names in important cities are mostly very low-level place names, which may not be known to everyone in Vietnam, and it takes geographers to understand them in China. But in magical Vietnam, there are also many high-grade place names of car crashes.

First of all, we have to say that the capital of Vietnam, in history, the Li Dynasty followed the Tang Dynasty and called its capital Chang'an, the Li Dynasty also followed the Ming Dynasty to establish Ying Tianfu, and the Nguyen Dynasty followed the Qing Dynasty to set up Chengtianfu.

Today's capital, Hanoi, is one of the most important cities in Vietnam, which inevitably reminds people of Hanoi in ancient China. The meaning of "the north bank of the Yellow River, Yin Shang Ji" is generally located in the south of Taihang Mountain and north of the Yellow River. In a broad sense, Hanoi includes today's vast area of northern Henan, while in a narrow sense, Hanoi specifically refers to Qinyang.

Hanoi trains pass through the city.

The origin of the word Hanoi in Vietnam is obviously influenced by the naming principles of Chinese culture. However, the term appeared very late. A few years before the outbreak of the Opium War in China, the Ming Emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam took the place as its accompanying capital. It was called Hanoi because "the city is surrounded by the embankment of the Red River" and is still in use today.

By the way, there is a big lake in Hanoi, called West Lake.

The other is Taiyuan. In China, Taiyuan is the capital city of Shanxi Province, while in Vietnam, there are not only Taiyuan City, but also Taiyuan Province. Taiyuan in China got its name from the "Dayuan" in Taiyuan Basin, while Taiyuan in Vietnam was first named at the time of the establishment of the Li Dynasty in the Song and Liao dynasties.

Coincidentally, Taiyuan is an important industrial city in China, and Taiyuan in Vietnam is also an important industrial city in Vietnam, and the main industrial products produced between the two are similar, both of which are iron and steel (Taiyuan in Vietnam is also known as the steel capital). In terms of enterprises, China has Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group, Vietnam has Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company, while in colleges and universities, China has Taiyuan normal University, while Vietnam has Taiyuan normal University, which makes people silly and confused.

Taiyuan, Vietnam (Vietnamese: Th à nh ph Ths á I Nguy ê n)

It comes from the temple name "Ruan Shengzu" of Emperor Ruan Chao Ming.

(Vietnamese: Nguy á n Th á nh T)

And Chongqing, once the accompanying capital of China, has suddenly become popular in recent years with its image of a three-dimensional magic forest. In Vietnam, there is also a place called Chongqing, which is Chongqing County in Gaoping Province. Many people may not have heard of it, but this Chongqing County is located on the border between China and Vietnam.

The most famous scenic spot there is also the location of many films and TV dramas, Detian Falls. On the Chinese side, it is located in Daxin County, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China, but the waterfall spans the two countries and is actually part of the Guichun River (the border river between China and Vietnam). Detian Falls is only the Chinese section where the Guichun Jie River forms a waterfall, while the Vietnamese part is called Vietnam Banyo Falls, which is located in Chongqing County, Vietnam.

In addition to such places as Hanoi, Taiyuan and Chongqing, there are other well-known place names that have also collided with China, such as Henan Province, Shanxi City, Xining City, Gaoping Province, Xing'an Province, and Pyeongshun Province in Vietnam, all of which have some roots in China.

It is worth noting that most of these place names are structurally similar to Chinese place names, which are full of strong Chinese flavor and even hit the face, not completely borrowlism, and seldom directly use Chinese inherent place names for copycat. This is different from the Han-style place names on the Chaoxian Peninsula.

Seoul, South Korea (now Seoul), is actually full of cherry blossoms.

Moreover, most of these place names are concentrated in the vicinity of the Red River basin, and in the northern and central regions of Vietnam, while in the southern region, because there is not much overlap with the Central Plains Dynasty in history, there are still piles of places with pure Vietnamese flavor of the South Island language family, such as Bang Mei Shu, Nha Chuang, Boragu, Batton and so on.

If you can catch a glimpse of the amorous feelings of Guangdong and Guangdong in the north of Hanoi.

When it comes to south-central Vietnam, it is a more recognizable cultural appearance.

Vietnam, which has a huge span between the north and the south, also has obvious differences between the north and the south, which has been fully exposed in the place names.

Vietnam and North and South Korea are both very serious de-Sinicization countries, but unlike North and South Korea in abolishing Chinese characters and changing place names at the same time, Vietnam basically did not use a knife on place names.

Although the place names are still these places, the Vietnamese characters have been Latinized, and young people can hardly write the place names of their hometown in Chinese characters.

Whether it's Chinese or Latin, they all write the same emotion.

References:

[1] Hua Linfu. On the influence of Chinese place name Culture on Vietnam [J]. The study of Nanyang problems, 2001, Magazine 2, 49-57.

[2] Chen Jihua. A preliminary study on the etymological classification of Vietnamese place names [J]. Southeast Asian Studies, 2010, June 2, 1998.

[3] Guo Baosheng. Ancient traces in Vietnamese place names [J]. Journal of Jinan (philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2013.

* the content of this article is provided to the author and does not represent the position of the Earth knowledge Bureau

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