Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Earth knowledge Bureau (ID:diqiuzhishiju), author: Guge, revised manuscript: Chao Qian / Editor: Guiluo

The original title: "Why has the province next to Beijing been abolished?" "

When it comes to Cr province, many friends are not strange, and there are many related articles on the Internet, but there are also many fallacies and misunderstandings in the inherent impressions of different friends.

Name a few common examples For example, "Cr Province has a history of more than 300 years", "Cr Province was established in the Qing Dynasty", "Datong in Shanxi once belonged to Cr Province for a long time", "Jining (Wulanchabu) in Inner Mongolia has long belonged to Cr Province", "Zhangjiakou has always belonged to Cr", "Cr's earliest" provincial capital "is in Zhangbei", "Cr provincial capital has been in Xuanhua for a long time", "Cr province has always included Cr eight banners". There are too many error cases such as "until revocation".

These places are not far from Zhangjiakou, ▼.

The real Cr province is not only a changeable province, but also a very complex province.

Zhangjiakou, the "provincial capital" of Cr, was not in Cr at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. The Mongolian plateau was coveted by the great powers, and the political situation in the mainland and Mongolia was turbulent at the same time, and China had a serious frontier crisis.

The Duolun League related to the Mongolian tribes during the reign of Kangxi

More than half of his legacy had been wiped out by this time

(photo: checkered) ▼

In the grim situation, it is urgent to set up a high-level political district in Mongolia, and it was initially planned as a provincial system. The motion of establishing a province in Mongolia was put forward as early as the end of the Qing Dynasty, but it could not be implemented because of the fall of the Qing Dynasty. After entering the Republic of China, the Beiyang government adopted this idea.

Unlike Monty,

The three generals in Northeast China completed the transformation of the province before the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

(photo: a fine map of provinces in the early years of the Republic of China) ▼

The establishment of a province in Mongolia involves major changes in the administrative system, which is not easy to implement. At this time, the border area is an ethnic gathering area, politics, culture, language, customs and so on are different from the mainland; in addition, the border area has not yet been developed, the economy is backward, can not directly set up the inland administrative system.

The people of Mongolia do not quite approve of it.

The "surgical style" has been changed.

(the Imperial Palace of Yichi County, Picture: Zengge) ▼

In view of various circumstances, on the basis of basically following the old system of the Qing Dynasty, the Beiyang government began to plan a special administrative regional system for Inner Mongolia, according to the garrison areas established by the Qing Dynasty, such as Cr du Tong, General Suiyuan, Rehe du Tong and so on. On July 6, 1914, it was divided into three special areas (administrative units parallel to the province).

For example, the Cr du system (figure: Zengge) ▼

Its regional scope is basically delineated according to the military jurisdiction of stationing generals / capitals along the border in the Qing Dynasty, and the purpose of the joint rule of the army and the people is to consolidate the border defense and promote the development and progress of the border land.

The newly established Cr special area is basically bounded by the Great Wall, and its jurisdiction is Cr eight banners and four herds, Xilingol League ten banners, three left-wing counties, right-wing four counties, and Daligangai (not actually controlled, now belonging to Mongolia). The United Office of overseas Chinese is ruled in Zhangjiakou Town, Wanquan County, Zhili Province, and the internal administrative district has been adjusted in the later period.

Cr's first edition of "Provincial Administrative District"

(photo: Han Xiangrui-"History of Cr Special area") ▼

The three left-wing counties and four right-wing counties were the administrative areas under the jurisdiction of North Koukou Road in Zhili Province and Guisui Road in Shanxi Province respectively during the Qing Dynasty, and they were officially granted administrative status and upgraded to counties in the early years of the Republic of China.

Shanxi Province in Qing Dynasty

Manage many halls in Guisui Road outside the Great Wall

In fact, it is not a formal administrative district.

Similar to today's economic and technological development zones

(for example, Fengzhen Hall, Picture: Xingge) ▼

Among them, Zhangbei County in Koubei Road (which is very different from Zhangbei County today) and Dushi County are the former Zhangjiakou Hall and Dushi County, and their governance is not in the territory of Cr Special District. Overseas Chinese were ruled in Zhangjiakou Town, Wanquan County, Zhili Province and Dushi City, Chicheng County, respectively. Zhangbei County was later moved by Zhangbei County (Xinghe City) and Dushi County was renamed Guyuan County.

That's why Zhangjiakou Town is not in Zhangjiakou Hall.

Some people do not distinguish between related concepts and hastily follow each other in their evolution.

Misleading such as "Cr stationed in Zhangbei" appeared.

(Wanquan County Government in Zhangjiakou, Picture: Qiangge) ▼

Note that Zhangjiakou at this time, although it is the administrative center of the Cr special area, is not in the special area. At the same time, it is also the resident of a county under the special area, which can be said to be very special. " If the provincial capital is not in the "provincial capital", there will be no "provincial capital". Therefore, Cr is unable to exercise local administrative power in Zhangjiakou, and later, after direct inspection, Cr obtained a small part of the power in Zhangjiakou.

Direct inspection is basically bounded by the main line of the Great Wall outside the Ming Dynasty.

The Great Border Gate is bounded by the dam platform which is farther north than the Great Wall.

Zhili Wanquan and Cr Zhangbei (figure: Gao Xiansen) ▼ are separated.

After the Huanggutun incident in June 1928, the contradiction between Japan and Feng intensified, the Beiyang Feng Department and the Nanjing National Government continued to actively promote the "change of flag in the Northeast", and it was only a matter of time before the Nanjing National Government completed the "formal unity" of the whole country. In this context, the Nanjing National Government sent a telegram on September 17 to change the former Cr special area into Cr province.

"the change of the Northeast" has accelerated the transformation of special areas into provinces.

Positions such as Cr Dutong are related to Fengjun.

(Zhang Shuai Mansion, photo: Gao GE) ▼

At the same time, the Office of Urban Unification and the system of provincial control should be abolished, and the system of provincial government committee and provincial chairman should be changed.

Gao Weiyue, the penultimate metropolis of Cr

Left the famous "Great Rivers and Mountains" (photo: grid) ▼ on the Grand situation Gate.

After the establishment of Cr province, great changes have taken place in the jurisdiction. The five western counties of Xinghe Road are classified into Suiyuan Province, and the 10 counties of Xuanhua, Wanquan and Yanqing of North Koukou Road of Hebei Province (Zhili Province) are assigned to Cr Province. Cr finally has its own provincial capital.

Became a real province (figure: map of the Republic of China in 1935) ▼

The good times did not last long. After the Chinese army lost the War of Resistance against Japan in the Great Wall in 1933, the Japanese army began to invade Cr Province, during which it encountered resistance from the anti-Japanese allies of the Cr people. the Japanese army was repulsed at the initial stage, but later invaded again, and the puppet "Chadong Special Autonomous region" was established.

The Allied forces were finally disbanded and integrated under the pressure of the Nanjing government because of the domestic factional struggle, and since then the Japanese army has been invading Cr Province by various means. During the same period, German kings and other forces, who were dissatisfied with the Nanjing government because of ethnic issues, and the Japanese army established a series of pseudo-regimes in the Japanese-occupied areas, such as the Cr League and the Mongolian military government.

The puppet "Mongolian junta" was established in Jiabusi, Huade.

Therefore, Huade County was renamed as "Dehua City" (photo: Zhuge) ▼.

In the face of continuous enemy aggression, starting from September 1936, the provincial government of Cr withdrew from the province, opened the road of exile, and successively exiled in Henan, Shaanxi, Suiyuan and other areas.

Since then, the famous Suiyuan Anti-Japanese War broke out.

The famous Battle of Red Geertu and the Great Victory of Bering Temple

All ▼ in this campaign (the former battle site of Red Geertu, photo: Zug)

After the outbreak of the "July 7th incident", the Japanese army launched a full-scale war of aggression against China and launched the "Battle of Cr" and "Operation Suiyuan" in August. Zhangjiakou, Datong and Suiyuan were occupied by the Japanese one after another. and successively established three pseudo-regimes, namely, "Channan Autonomous Government", "Jinbei Autonomous Government" and "Mongolian Alliance Autonomous Government".

The Battle of Suixi stopped the westward advance of the Japanese puppet.

(Wuyuan Monument to Anti-Japanese Martyrs, Picture: zigzag) ▼

In order to facilitate the coordination of the three puppet regimes, the Japanese puppet later set up a pseudo-"Mongolia-Xinjiang Joint Committee" in Zhangjiakou. In 1939, the Japanese army ordered the formal merger of the three puppet regimes to form a pseudo-"Mongolian-Xinjiang (ancient) United autonomous government", the pseudo-"capital" was Zhangjiakou, and the pseudo-regime was nominally under the jurisdiction of the "Nanjing government".

Cr du Tong has become a "German palace".

The fake "Mengjiang" also built a general office.

The former site has been relocated to ▼, the people's Park of Zhangjiakou City.

If you look at the pseudo "Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang" map at this time, the cities along the Pingping-Suiyuan Railway belong to the jurisdiction of the puppet regime except Peiping.

Use the "Inner Mongolia" of Genghis Khan (Cheng Ji)

It can be said to be the economic zone along the Ping-Suiyuan Railway.

The "pseudo-political district" (photo: "the latest complete map of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang in 1938") ▼

After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, the Japanese army, out of courting the German king, allowed it to be renamed the "Mongolian Autonomous State Government" internally, and there were many adjustments in the internal pseudo-political areas, such as the emergence of a series of areas such as "Datong Province" and "Xuanhua Province". During this period, Zhangjiakou became a pseudo "special city", opened the way to set up a city, and was later upgraded to a "special city directly under the jurisdiction of the Administrative Council".

The first establishment of Zhangjiakou city was during the "Japanese puppet" period.

Mainly depends on the foundation of the previous fortresses.

(Zhangjiakoubao, Picture: Gao Xiansen) ▼

In August 1945, major events such as the "August Storm" and Japan's unconditional surrender occurred one after another. a few days later, senior Japanese and puppet military officials withdrew from Zhangjiakou. In late that month, the troops of the Jicha military region conquered Zhangjiakou, which was entrenched by the puppet military and police, and the puppet "Inner Mongolia" government completely collapsed.

The Japanese also carried out economic aggression.

The central bank of "pseudo-Manchuria" opened to ▼ in Zhangjiakou (photo: Qiangge).

This was the first liberation of Zhangjiakou after the end of the Anti-Japanese War, and it was also the first provincial capital city liberated by the people's army. The organs of the Shanxi-Cr-Hebei Command were stationed in Zhangjiakou, and at the same time became the seat of the government of the Shanxi-Cr-Hebei Border region. During the same period, the people's regime also established the democratic government of Cr Province in Xuanhua.

Xuanhua, as the capital of Cr province, does not have a long history.

The Democratic Government of Cr Province next to the Catholic Church

Today is the ▼ of Xuanhua Museum.

In 1946, the people's army lost one after another in the Battle of Jining in Datong and the subsequent defense of Zhangjiakou. In October, the people's regime Cr provincial organs withdrew from Zhangjiakou to Laishui, and Zhangxuan area became Cr province of the national government.

The situation after the end of the Anti-Japanese War (Jining Battle Memorial Hall, picture: Zug) ▼

In 1947, the National Government separated Zhangjiakou Town, the provincial capital of Cr and Wanquan County (the "Zhangjiakou City" of the Japanese puppet period was abandoned) into Zhangyuan City. In November of that year, the establishment of the people's regime in Cr province was abolished.

Cr Province of the National Government after 1946

(photo: 1948 "New Map of China's provinces (Fifth Edition)") ▼

Until November 1948, during the Peiping-Tianjin campaign, the people's Liberation Army eliminated the Kuomintang defenders in Zhangjiakou, liberated Zhangjiakou for the second time on December 24, and the national government's Cr province came to an end. At the beginning of the next year, the people's Government of North China resumed the establishment of Cr Province, and the provincial capital was Zhangjiakou City (without the name of Zhangyuan City). Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, it once included special agencies such as Jianping and Yishui (now Shijiazhuang, Baoding and other places).

Zhangjiakou during the Pingjin campaign

There have been important battles (photo: Kasumi) ▼

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Cr Province has jurisdiction over Zhangjiakou, Datong, Xuanhua and Yanbei, Channan, Chabei 3 special areas. It should be noted that at this time, Cr province is very different from the previous generations of Cr province. Cr eight banners and four herds and most areas of Xilingol League no longer belong to the scope of Cr province.

The Mengqi is almost gone, and it has won the Yanbei ▼ of Shanxi Province.

This is because after the collapse of the puppet "Mengjiang" regime, the German King's birthplace, Sunita (right Banner), appeared a "temporary government" controlled by the high level of the original "Mengjiang" and others.

The seat of the "interim government"

Dewangfu, Xisu Banner (Picture: Zengge) ▼

After the people's regime got the news, Chairman Wulanfu defused the crisis on the prairie, the "interim government" was dissolved, and most of the herds of the eight banners and four banners of Cr and most of the Xilingol League were initially owned by Cr Province. it later became part of the autonomous government of Inner Mongolia.

The family temple of the Imperial Palace of West Suqide is the Wendur Temple.

It is not far from the German palace in Xisu Banner.

In the old days, this area was also directly known as the "Wendur Temple".

The current name is the famous "Zhu Rihe" (photo: Lige) ▼

On November 24, 1949, the capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was first moved from Wangyemiao (Wulanhot) to Zhangjiakou. The Cr du Office, which used to be the provincial administrative center of Cr, has been handed over to the Inner Mongolia government as an office. On December 2 of that year, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was renamed the Inner Mongolia Autonomous region.

The provincial government of Cr has become the people's government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region.

(photo: checkered) ▼

As for the office space of the provincial government of Cr, it left the Cr office and took the initiative to move to the general's office in Baozi, so that a city in Zhangjiakou had two "provincial capitals."

▼ of the General's Office in Zhangjiakou Castle (photo: Zhuge)

Inner Mongolia also encountered the same situation when the Cr Special area was first established in the early years of the Republic of China. The administrative center was not within its jurisdiction and there was no "provincial capital".

It seems doomed to come to this yard

For the first time, there was no "provincial capital" (photo: grid) ▼

The story of Cr and Inner Mongolia continues. According to the solemn promise of the Declaration to the people of Inner Mongolia (the third five-year Declaration) during the Agrarian Revolution, "restoring the historical region of Inner Mongolia" has become one of the decisions of the people's political power. Abolishing the four provinces of Saibei (Rehe, Cr, Suiyuan, Ningxia) is an important task. In September 1950, the three counties of Duolun, Baochang and Huade in Cr Province were assigned to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. On June 28, 1952, the government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region relocated to Guisui City, Suiyuan Province (now Hohhot).

The final version of Cr province ▼

Many years after the founding of New China, the decentralization of powers under more provincial units applicable to the war years and the early days of liberation is no longer applicable to the later situation, and innovation is imperative, so it is necessary to streamline the administrative regions. for example, this is the case in Cr Province, where the original area is too small and is divided into some other provinces and regions. In terms of specific adjustment methods, the guiding plan is: "the old provincial system is better for local government institutions."

In a number of backgrounds, coupled with economic, administrative inconvenience and other objective factors. On November 1, 1952, the North China Bureau submitted to the Administrative Council the "Plan for abolishing the organizational system and adjusting the Division of Cr Province in Pingyuan Province". On November 15, the 19th meeting of the people's Government Committee adopted the "Resolution on adjusting the organizational system of provinces and regions". It was formally decided to abolish Cr Province, which belongs to Shanxi and Hebei provinces.

Cr Province, which has cumulatively belonged to four provinces, cities and regions of Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi and Mongolia

The three boundary monuments of Ji, Jin and Meng, which is also the hometown of Cr (photo: Zengge) ▼

After completing its own strategic task, Cr province made a perfect curtain call and faded out of the historical stage. Cr province became history, turned into place names and stayed in the land of China.

In Wulanchabu, Inner Mongolia

There is still the name of the county-level administrative district related to "Cr".

(volcano group in the right-wing rear flag of Cr, picture: grid) ▼

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