Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

All matter in the universe carries energy because E=mc². But the universe contains different types of energy, and the best data available suggests that about 4.5 percent of the energy in the universe is ordinary matter, 22.7 percent dark matter, and the remaining 72.8 percent dark energy.

Dark energy and dark matter are two different things, with different properties and different effects. Dark matter is what makes galaxies spin faster, and dark energy is what accelerates the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is a mysterious force, and we don't know what it is or where it comes from. Some physicists have proposed various theories to explain dark energy, such as the cosmological constant and modified gravity.

However, a recent study suggests that we may not need any new theories to explain dark energy. Instead, they propose that black holes are the source of dark energy and are created inside the black hole's core. It is well known that black holes are neither dark matter nor dark energy; they are formed by stellar implosions and subsequent mergers or accretions.

Black holes are made of ordinary matter and behave like ordinary matter. Most of the 4.5% of ordinary matter is gas, and black holes make up at most a few percent of this 4.5%. This already tells us that the idea of black holes as sources of dark energy is difficult to understand, but new research into black holes tells us that it is.

According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, gravity is not a force but a consequence of mass-curved spacetime. When the mass of an object is large enough to bend spacetime infinitely, there is a singularity: a point of infinite density and zero volume. There is such a singularity at the center of a black hole that all known laws of physics fail.

But the scientists who conducted the study believe there are no singularities in black holes. Instead, they argue that there is a limit to how much spacetime can be bent by mass. When this limit is reached, spacetime becomes elastic and springs back like a spring. This creates a repulsive force that pushes matter and energy away from the center of the black hole, a force we call dark energy.

The new study actually has two papers. In the first paper, they performed extended data analysis on samples of black holes in different galaxies. Roughly speaking, the farther away a galaxy is, the younger it gets. So that means their data collected galaxies of different ages, which allowed them to infer the rate of growth of black holes in galaxies. They found that supermassive black holes grew about 7 to 20 times over 9 billion years, faster than black hole merger and accretion models expected.

In another paper, they propose that black holes may be the source of dark energy. If so, then the black hole's mass would increase as the universe expands, which would explain the observations. In fact, they found that the observed growth fits this idea very well. In addition, they have proposed other tests of the idea, including accurate measurements of the cosmic microwave background at low angular momentum, strong lensing effects of gamma ray bursts, and some predictions that are difficult to verify.

If this model is correct, it means that every black hole in our universe contains dark energy at its core. Because there are billions of black holes in our universe, they collectively contribute to the accelerating expansion of our universe.

This idea has some implications for our understanding of cosmology. First of all, this means that we don't need to add anything new to explain dark energy; black holes combined with Einstein's gravity are enough. Dark energy, on the other hand, is not uniform throughout spacetime and depends on the number and size of black holes in different regions.

Of course, this idea is still speculative and requires more evidence to support it. There may be other explanations for why supermassive black holes grow faster than expected besides dark energy inside the black hole. But if the idea turns out to be correct, then we can solve two mysteries: what happens at the center of a black hole and what dark energy is.

This article comes from Weixin Official Accounts: Vientiane Experience (ID: UR4351), by Eugene Wang

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