Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

Glass works of art 1. The development of glass 1.1 according to the relevant literary and historical records, dating back to 3000 BC to 2000 BC, more mature glass manufacturing technology has appeared in Egypt or Mesopotamia. At the same time, there are legends that more than 3000 years ago, Phoenician merchants discovered that under the action of fire, a mineral called "natural soda" (saltpetre) reacted with quartz sand on the beach to produce crystals. This was the earliest glass. The Phoenicians naturally did not miss the potential commercial opportunities, and they used this chemical reaction to produce a large number of crude gravel soda to burn fused glass beads and sell them everywhere, which not only made a lot of profits, but also promoted the first popularity of glass in the world, so that many countries that trade with Philippians came into contact with beautiful glass for the first time.

Philippian Fioness and Ferritte glass are considered to be the pioneers of glassware. The development of early glass went through four main periods: ancient civilization (3500-1000 BC), classical civilization (100-500 BC), medieval civilization (500-1500 AD), Renaissance and 17019th century (1500-1890 AD), and then gradually formed the situation of today's society. The situation of special glass, art glass, decorative glass and architectural glass.

1.2 the origin of Chinese glass generally speaking, the emergence of Chinese glass is later than that of world glass.

Ancient Chinese ancestors developed primitive porcelain in the late Shang Dynasty, about 2000 years after the Mesopotamians used the core-coiling method to make glass. According to the current research, the earliest glass in China appeared in Xinjiang. On the question of whether glass is created by our country, the most common point of view is that Chinese glass was first imported in West Asia and appeared in our country as a luxury. However, China's self-made glass should appear in the late warring States period, which originated from the glassware unearthed in Hunan, Hubei and other late warring States tombs in China.

Ancient Chinese glass in ancient China, glass was also known as colored glass. During the Han Dynasty, due to the import of a large number of glassware from Western Asian civilization, the number of self-made glassware in China was reduced or integrated with foreign elements, and this cultural co-prosperity was improved in the Sui and Tang dynasties. During this period, many exquisite blown glasses of Chinese traditional styles were born. During the Song Dynasty, a large number of glassware were imported into China from Arab countries, and glassware full of exotic customs blossomed all over the motherland, forming a grand scene of the blending of Chinese and Western cultures. It is worth mentioning that although a large number of exotic glassware were introduced into China, there are still significant differences between ancient Chinese glassware and international glassware. In addition to the different styles, the greater difference in ancient Chinese glassware lies in the composition of the glass. At that time, the glass of West Asian civilization was mainly composed of sodium calcium silicate, while our country used potassium oxide (extracted from plant ash) as a flux, which led to a significant difference in the material between Chinese ancient glass and western glass.

The application of glass 2.1 the application of glass in history Glass was first used in daily necessities, such as glasses, bottles, glass plates and so on. The Mesopotamian method of making glass with a coiled core is to make a clay cored core, then the outer layer of the coiled core is wound with a thick glass ribbon, and the glassware is obtained after surface treatment. Glassware made in this way is often in the shape of a bottle and is used as a container for water or food.

The earliest glass is thought to be the only green one, and this single color limits the application direction of glass. It was not until later that it was discovered that the glass showed a green color because the raw material for making glass contained a small amount of iron, while the compound of divalent iron made the glass green. After the addition of manganese dioxide, the original bivalent iron becomes trivalent iron yellow, while tetravalent manganese is reduced to trivalent manganese purple [1]. This special and beautiful color change makes people's application of glass please climb another high-rise building-all kinds of colored glass products are born. Especially after the Italians mastered the advanced glass plate manufacturing technology, colored glass is widely used in church decorative glass, especially in Gothic church buildings. Gothic churches tend to show a sharp and high architectural structure, which makes the tall floor-to-ceiling windows become the stage of stained glass. The sun shines into the sacred church through the colorful panes, making the atmosphere of the church more solemn and sacred.

After that, glass has been widely used in the construction industry. In 1833, the Paris Botanical Garden greenhouse (Jardin des Plantes), the world's first building made entirely of iron frame and glass, came out. Different from the heavy feeling of stone buildings, glass buildings can bring a clear and pure feeling, which is respected by people for a time. A more striking example is the London World Exposition (also known as the Crystal Palace) built by Paxton in 1851, which can be called a temple of glass.

In China, glass is widely used in decoration and construction industries. A large number of unearthed cultural relics such as hairpins, hairpins and even necklaces and bracelets are used in colored glazed beads, which is the elegant name of glass. Glazed tiles with bright colors and elegant colors can also be seen everywhere on the roofs of rich houses in ancient China. In the Qing Dynasty, with the introduction of Western culture, glass products also had innovative development, such as the emergence of new items such as glass snuff bottles.

2.2 the application of modern glass has entered the modern era, and the application of glass is more extensive. Modern glass can be simply classified as flat glass and special glass. Flat glass is mainly divided into three types: lead-up flat glass (grooved / grooved), flat-drawn flat glass and float glass. These kinds of glass have opportunities to show their talents in the construction and decoration industry, the automobile industry, the art industry and even the military. According to the different composition, glass can be divided into quartz glass, high silica glass, lead silicate glass, sodium calcium glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, potassium glass and so on. All kinds of glass have their own uses, such as sodium calcium glass can be used in the manufacture of flat glass, glassware and light bulbs; lead silicate glass is used as vacuum tube core column because of its high metal wettability, and it is also used to block radiation because lead can block radioactive materials; borosilicate glass is used as the first choice for chemical experimental instrument glass because of its high strength and corrosion resistance.

Third, the future of glass 3.1 the future prospect of art glass and decorative glass one of the major areas of contemporary glass applications is art glass and decorative glass. Glass has got rid of the shackles of the early pursuit of practicality and began to develop towards refinement. After glass studios sprang up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, more and more exquisite glass products began to emerge, including glass candlesticks, glass furnishings, glass statues and even large stained glass statues. The items involved in art glass range from cars, buildings and courtyard sculptures to watches and watches, frames and mobile phones. Glass can also be used as a water drill to replace expensive diamonds. Today, most of the "diamonds" on the trinkets are all kinds of diamonds made of glass.

For the future development of art glass, I personally suggest the following points:

1. Art glass and decorative glass should attach importance to inspiration and creativity, adhere to unique creative design, and bring people a visual feast.

2. Optimize the raw material structure of art glass and reduce the cost in order to expand the output of art glass.

3. Formulate industry standards to standardize the design and production of art glass and avoid the pollution of raw materials.

4. integrate high and new technology into the production and manufacturing process of art glass and decorative glass to make the glass manufacturing technology to a new level and better promote the development of the industry.

The multi-function and composite of art glass and decorative glass meet the requirements of the times. For example, the decorative glass prepared by the combination of solar cells and colored glass curtain wall can not only use solar energy but also serve as a non-load-bearing wall, and can also play a decorative role. Kill two birds with one stone.

3.2 Special glass is widely used in instrumentation, military, medical, electronics, chemistry, architecture and other fields, each with its own characteristics. Such as toughened glass (large strength coefficient, not easy to break, even if the rupture will not form sharp particles to harm the human body), embossed glass (opaque, often used in places that need opaque treatment, such as toilets), wire glass (often used in the construction industry, it is not easy to break when hit), hollow glass (good sound insulation effect), bulletproof glass (high-strength glass, can block bullets, ensure safety) and so on.

High borosilicate special glass in addition, a variety of new types of glass formed by different chemicals also have a wide application prospect. It includes high silica glass, lead silicate glass, sodium calcium glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, potassium glass and so on. Iron-based metallic glass is a kind of amorphous material which is mainly composed of metal materials, and there are no crystal defects such as plane, site, point and so on. It has excellent properties such as high elasticity, high strength, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, cold and heat resistance and so on, so it has a broad application prospect in the field of oil and gas development.

Author: time

APC editorial Department Science Popularization Group

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: APC Science Alliance (ID:apcscience), author: APC Jun

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