Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

Li Cundong

School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Training unit: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

As we all know, I am a Ph.D. student from the Institute of Physics, but I, recently, experiments, always can not get what I want, as a result, I suspect that Tomoko is already around us, trisomy maybe, already, on the way.

But the good news is that there is no countdown before my eyes.

Rest assured, I didn't see this, and neither did the teacher. The picture is from the "three-body" TV series. I think we need to study Tomoko carefully to see if it is really so powerful.

Tomoko and his manufacturing method Tomoko is a fantasy that appears in Liu Cixin's science fiction novel "three bodies".... Call it a weapon for the time being. This thing is ridiculously strong, and the three-body man locked up earth technology with only two wise sons. The prototype of Tomoko is the real proton, which is curled up in the high dimension of the micro-scale by the trisomy to expand to two-dimensional, etch the circuit on it, and then return to the state of the proton. After it is sent to Earth, it can enter the collider instead of real protons to accept the impact, interfering with the experimental results. At the same time, Tomoko can also communicate with trisomy people in real time, which can not only monitor the scientific and technological development of the earth, but also keep in touch with ETO.

This is called proton, and the other is called Tomoko. The picture is from the Internet. So is it possible that Tomoko can be made?

The Lord does not care, after all, the Lord is only responsible for writing | the picture is derived from the Internet. In the novel without bad guidance, Tomoko is developed from a high dimension, and the expansion here is really beyond our understanding. I thought about it for ten days and nights. I didn't figure out what this operation was.

However, I may have thought of how Da Liu came up with this idea. Let me speculate very irresponsibly.

Classic title | the picture comes from the network, as shown in the picture. I think it is only when Da Liu sees such a topic that he has the idea to unfold!

But Da Liu began to serialize "three-body" in Science Fiction World magazine in 2006, when his children were not in junior high school (maybe not in primary school), so it was clear that he did not need to help them with their homework. Of course, perhaps it is just because of this that he has the energy to write, otherwise, under the torture of immortals and beasts, there is no concern for the life and death of the three-body man.

Of course, the real cube can't be unfolded like this box, and it can't be recovered, but it's a really great idea.

The communication between Tomoko and the earth is relatively clear. Under the existing physical framework of the earth, the communication ability of Tomoko in the original work can be said to be impossible.

In the original novel, the trisomy is located 4.2 light-years away in Proxima. It is not difficult to see that in order to achieve instant communication with Earth, Tomoko must have a means of faster-than-light information transmission, which, unfortunately, is prohibited by relativity.

It is often thought that quantum entanglement can achieve superluminal information transmission, but in fact it is impossible. In fact, the use of quantum entanglement for information transmission depends on the classical channel, which prevents us from using entanglement to transmit information, because in information transmission, the speed of transmission does not depend on the entanglement itself. it depends on the transmission speed in the classical channel.

It is impossible to exceed the speed of light, not in this lifetime. Quantum entanglement derived from the network is indeed a kind of super-distance effect, but simple entanglement does not convey information.

With regard to the necessity of classical channels, let's give the simplest example. If the trisomy and ETO have a pair of entangled particles and the particles are in a spin-up or downward superposition state, no matter which side detects, the two particles collapse to a definite but opposite quantum state. The trisomy and ETO agreed that when ETO detects the particles, if the particles spin up, they will kill Luo with all their strength, and if the spin goes down, they will make other plans.

When ETO detects, they find spin up, but in fact, they can't know whether this result is because of their own detection, or because of trisomy detection. In other words, they can't know whether trisomy detected particles caused particles to collapse before their own detection. If not, in fact, their detection is the cause of particle collapse. Such detection is meaningless. Because the state of the particles is random at this time, there is actually no transmission of information in this detection. In order to really transmit information, the trisomy must tell ETO whether they have detected it or not. This process is the information transmission of the classical channel, and the real transmission speed depends on the transmission speed of this information.

The master does not care that × 2 | the graph originates from the actual quantum communication of the network and there is more than a pair of entangled particles. The information transmitted by the classical channel is a measurement operation, and the receiver carries out unitary transformation to get the information according to the operation mode transmitted by the sender.

On the other hand, relativity tells us that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light in the universe, and relativity has now been experimentally proved to be correct. From this point of view, we should believe that Tomoko is impossible.

In Tomoko and the 11-dimensional space-time "three-body", the three-body man expands the proton from 11-dimensional to two-dimensional, obtains a super-large surface and etches the circuit on it, so what is this 11-dimensional space?

Considering the creation time of the original work again, it is not difficult to think that Da Liu's creativity comes from the superstring theory. This theory holds that the essence of the world is a string, an open or closed string in 11-dimensional air, and that different particles are just different modes of vibration of the string.

We have no intention to explain this theory to you here, after all, its content is really esoteric, so we will briefly introduce its development here.

It's too hard, really | the picture comes from the network superstring theory, which can be called an attempt at the grand unified theory. Of course, if nothing happens, the theory was not originally intended to unify the four interactions.

String theory was proposed in the 1960s to explain the scattering amplitude between hadrons, which was determined by the strong interaction, but unfortunately, quantum chromodynamics was proposed soon, which perfectly explained the strong interaction. Since then, it has been continuously improved, unifying other interactions except gravity, and string theory has fallen into silence.

String theory at that time had obvious disadvantages: first, it was only applicable to bosons; second, string theory needed a 26-dimensional space-time; third, there were particles faster than the speed of light, which we called tachyons; and fourth, there were non-stationary zero-mass particles except photons.

Note that it is not this chopstick | the picture comes from pixabay, but some people insist on studying string theory, and then there is the first revolution of string theory. During this period, the results mainly include the inclusion of fermions in string theory through supersymmetry theory and the negation of tachyons, the space-time dimension is reduced to 10 dimensions, and the zero-mass particles mentioned above are considered to be gravitons-propagators of gravity. Therefore, after this revolution, string theory is transformed into superstring theory, and is committed to unifying the four major interaction forces.

But there are five self-consistent theories in the new string theory. which of these five theories is correct? The answer may be, all correct, because of duality.

The so-called duality means that two or more seemingly different theories can get exactly the same physical results, that is, they are equivalent. With the help of duality, M theory is proposed, and M theory introduces 11-dimensional supergravity, and gives the duality of different superstring theories under various compactions. finally, it is proved that different string theories are only the performance of M theory under different limits. This is the second revolution of superstring theory.

M theory and its five self-consistent superstring theories | the figure is derived from the reference material, but where is the extra space? Superstring theory / M theory holds that the space of extra dimensions is curled up in the Karabi-mound manifold on the Planck scale, so what we perceive is only 4-dimensional space-time. Does this look a little familiar with Da Liu's setting?

The extra six-dimensional space is curled up into a Karabi-mound manifold | the picture is derived from the reference material, but because the Planck scale is too small, under the existing technology, we are far from reaching this scale. And this is the biggest controversy of superstring theory. Although it is mathematically perfect, it does not have the conditions for experimental verification, and we cannot prove whether it is correct or not from any angle. therefore, most physicists do not believe in this theory, and some even think that it is more suitable for theological seminary.

Of course, the school of mathematics is actually very happy to accept this theory.

However, if trisomy can really make Wise son, maybe this theory has been proved to be correct by them.

When Tomoko and the Collider were sent to Earth, the main task was to lock up human technology by sneaking into the Collider, bearing collisions on their own, drowning correct data with wrong data, tampering with experimental results, and interfering with people's experiments on microscopic particles, making it impossible for human beings to recognize the more essential composition of the world. Is this reliable?

Unfortunately, if Tomoko is really only capable of this in Da Liu's writing, I am afraid he will not be able to do it at all.

It is easy to sneak into the Hadron Collider. After all, it is only a proton, but it is impossible to drown the correct result, and the reason is very simple. There are too many collisions in the Collider.

Speaking of collisions, people's impression may be like billiards, two small balls walking toward each other, and then, bang, hit a star all over the sky, and we pounce on it like a hungry wolf who discovers good food to see what happened. Of course, such an idea is not wrong, but on the scale of protons, it can be said that there is no collision between ten or eight protons, and Yan Shuangying does not have such a target. As a result, the number of particles in the Collider may be far greater than you can imagine.

Let's take the large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as an example to introduce the collision process.

LHC is currently the largest collider in the world with the highest energy of accelerating particles, in which protons can eventually be accelerated to the highest 8TeV energy scale at a speed of more than 0.9c.

Simply put a schematic diagram of the acceleration system of LHC to show you | the figure is derived from references. In LHC, protons exist in the form of bunches in which a large number of protons are bound for collision. in the final running state of LHC in 2015, two protons entered the Collider, each containing 2808 bunches, with an average of 10 protons per bunch, distributed in the Collider's 27-kilometer circular tunnel. The distance between them is about 7 meters, and the interval is 25 nanoseconds. Therefore, the minimum interval of bunch crossover is 25 nanoseconds.

The schematic diagram of the cluster probably means something like this. The picture is from the official website of the German Electron Synchrotron. Under such operating conditions, the instantaneous brightness peak of the proton-proton collision of LHC can reach 10 ³/ (cm / s). The brightness here is a key indicator of the Collider. It is proportional to the number of bunches and the number of particles in each cluster, and inversely proportional to the time it takes for a bunch to move around a ring, and high brightness means that more proton-proton collisions may occur per unit time.

In the Collider, there are four collision points, each with up to 40 million bunch crosses per second, and about 100 proton collisions per cluster crossover. Moreover, trisomy people have only two protons. At most, the data of two collision points can only be contaminated at the same time, because the speed of protons in the collider is also close to the speed of light. After being smashed, it takes 1/1000000 seconds, or 1 microsecond, to repair, and the interval between adjacent clumps is much smaller, so Tomoko can't actually pollute enough data. The pollution of a small amount of data is not enough to affect our perception of the world.

Furthermore, if Tomoko really enters the Collider, he may not be able to protect himself, because there are antiprotons in the world. If Tomoko encounters antiprotons, there may be no possibility of repair and direct annihilation.

Tomoko: I wonder if I can be dehydrated? | the picture is derived from the fact that in the network and countdown "three-body", Tomoko can directly act on the retina and type on the retina. Wang Miao in the original work was almost driven crazy because he saw the countdown to nanomaterials, which can be said to be miserable.

The picture comes from the "three-body" TV series, but this seems to be a real possibility. First of all, it is necessary to make it clear that human photosensitivity depends on the visual cells on the retina, mainly rod cells and cones, both of which convert light signals into electrical signals and transmit them to the visual center. Tomiko should have no way to act directly on the retina.

But protons are positively charged after all, and positively charged particles can radiate electromagnetic waves outward when they accelerate their movements. from this point of view, it is not impossible to assume that protons can accurately control their own velocity and acceleration. it is possible to use the radiated electromagnetic waves to stimulate the retina of the human eye.

However, whether to say it or not, this function is indeed somewhat unnatural, and the follow-up plot is rarely mentioned.

The picture is written here from the Internet, I can't help but breathe a sigh of breath, it seems that the trisomy is science fiction after all, how can there be such an unnatural thing as Tomoko?

But then again, if there is no Tomoko, then I can not do the experiment, is it not simply because I am too bad?

The master does not care about × 3 | forget it from the network, scientific research, this is a normal thing, next door graduate education official account every day to persuade us, let us calm down, do not be discouraged. Of course, I never look at that.

References:

[1] Li Guanglie, Liu Ming. Towards a unified superstring theory of natural forces: an attempt to unify four natural forces [J]. Knowledge of Modern Physics, 2015. 27 (04): 25-31.

[2] Li Guanglie, Liu Ming. Towards a unified superstring theory of natural forces: an attempt to unify four natural forces (Ⅱ) [J]. Knowledge of Modern Physics, 2016. 28 (01): 28-34.

[3] Li Guanglie, Liu Ming. Superstring theory: an attempt to unify the four natural forces (Ⅲ) [J]. Knowledge of Modern Physics, 2016. 28 (02): 33-37.

[4] Science Network-Biography of Quantum Heroes-31-A brief History of string Theory

[5] Yang Yang. Cross section measurement of ψ (2S) in proton collision in LHCb experiment [D]. Tsinghua University, 2018.

[6] if you want to know how many collisions the Collider can produce in a second, can the Tomoko in the three-body come over?

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ID:cas-iop). Author: Li Cundong

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