Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

On June 27, 2022, the State Internet Information Office issued the regulations on the Management of Internet user account Information. Article 12 clearly stipulates that "Internet information service providers shall display the Internet Protocol (IP) address attribution location information of Internet user accounts within a reasonable range on the Internet user account information page, so as to facilitate public supervision in the public interest."

As a result, many social platforms have launched the IP territorial function one after another. When users post or comment, the corresponding location will have an IP territorial suffix, which is specifically displayed to the province.

How is the IP territory identified to our location? Will it reveal our privacy? Next, let's take a look at "IP territory".

1. The concept of IP address 1. What is the IP address? In our life, every device (including computer, mobile phone, tablet) connected to the network has an IP address, and the IP address enables each device to access each other on the Internet. The IP address is similar to our contact number. Without the IP address, we can neither contact others nor contact us.

2. The origin of IP address

IANA (Internet assigned numbers Organization, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is the "Household Registration Administration" in the virtual network, which is responsible for the global allocation of IP addresses and ensures the uniqueness of IP addresses. To find an IP address, you must go through these levels from top to bottom: IANA- > RIR (Internet Network Information Center)-> NIR (National Internet Registry)-> LIR (Local Internet Registry)-> ISP (Internet Service provider)-> ASN (Autonomous Network coding)-> address Block-> IP address.

IANA- > RIR:IANA assigns all IP addresses geographically to five Internet information centers: ARIN, RPIPENCC, APNIC, LACNIC and AFRINIC. The five RIR manage different areas, and they do not directly assign IP addresses to users, but are assigned step by step, and finally assigned by LIR to ISP or end users. ISP / IDC / ICP / enterprises and institutions in China apply for IP addresses through CNNIC.

RIR- > NIR: the five RIR manage different regions. They do not directly assign IP addresses to users, but assign them to NIR. For example, the organization responsible for IP address assignment in China is CNNIC (China Internet Network Information Center, China Internet Network Information Center). CNNIC is the only NIR in China, and it is also the NIR under APNIC.

NIR- > LIR:NIR then assign the IP address to LIR. In addition, LIR can also get Internet addresses from APNIC and assign them to subordinates.

LIR- > ISP:LIR redistribution to ISP,ISP is a telecom operator that provides Internet access services, information services, and value-added services to the broad masses of users. What we call "operators" in our daily life is ISP. Finally, Internet service providers are paid to apply for network users.

ISP- > ASN:AS (Autonomous system, Autonomous System) is a large network that makes up the Internet, and every computer or device connected to an Internet is connected to an AS. Typically, each AS is operated by a single large organization, such as a carrier, a large enterprise technology company, a university, or a government agency, and each AS has a code called ASN. For example, the ASN of China Telecom's CN2 backbone network is AS4809.

ASN- > address block: in order to facilitate management, when assigning addresses, Internet service providers fix the network prefixes of all IP addresses by province, and the network prefix of each province is different. The province is divided according to the address segment to ensure the uniqueness of the IP address and facilitate the display of the IP territory.

Address block-> IP address: when users surf the Internet, the device passes through the gateway and requests services from the service center of the social platform. When forwarding data, the gateway adds an IP address to the forwarded packet. The data center of the social platform obtains this "IP address" and identifies the source of the packet based on its prefix, so that the province or region in which the device is located can be displayed on the platform.

3. Types of IP addresses the common IP addresses are divided into two categories: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is gradually deployed and has become a trend in the future. At present, IPv4 addresses are still mainly used. For more information about IPv6, see "the age of IPv6 + is coming, don't you know what IPv6 is?" ".

IPv4 addresses are divided into five categories, as shown in the following table:

Category An address 0.0.0.0" 127.255.25510.0.0.0" 10.255.255.255 large-scale network Class B address 128.0.0.0" 191.255.255.255172.16.0.0" 172.31.255.255 medium-sized network Class C address 192.0.0.0" 223.255.255.255192.168.0.0" 192.168.255.255 small-scale network Class D address Address 224.0.0.0" 239.255.255.255.255 / Multicast Network Class E address 240.0.0.0" 255.255.255.255 / reserved address 2, I use a private network address. How can I find my area?

Why do you need a private address?

The public network IP address is the external address of the local area network, which is unique on the Internet. Through the public network IP address, we can directly query our province. However, the public network IP address is a relatively scarce resource, not every device has it. Because IPv4 is still widely used, this agreement can only provide about 4.29 billion IP addresses, which is not enough for everyone in the world.

In order to alleviate the contradiction of the increasing depletion of IPv4 addresses, a small block of addresses is divided into A, B and C addresses for the construction of local area networks all over the world. Private network addresses can be used for IP addresses in the internal network of the local area network. Because the same private network IP address can be reused in different private networks, it makes the network expand more freely.

How can I find my area through a private network address?

For example, when I visit ZTE's official website "www.zte.com.cn" with my PC, my private network IP address is "10.56.138.187" and my public network IP address is "61.132.54.35". At this time, there are two addresses. How can the operator find my area?

Operators use NAT (Network address Translation, Network Address Translation) technology to convert private network addresses that may be reused into public network addresses, which is equivalent to many devices sharing a public network address. Although the private network address is used, I can know the address of the base station where the equipment is located through the public network address, and then find my area.

Third, why does the IP territory change? After understanding the concept of public network address and private network address, let's continue to deepen our understanding of IP territory.

Some friends may find that their IP territories will change. Why?

The reason for the IP dependency change is that if a company has an intranet all over the country, but uses the IP access of the head office when accessing the external network, then in the end, the IP dependency presented by everyone in the company will be the dependency of the head office. This means that the IP territory is calculated from the first hop of the external network. If the company has a huge internal network, then the specific address in the private network will not be reflected in the public network access.

When an individual uses a mobile phone or home broadband to access the Internet, the IP address is temporarily leased by the operator, so the personal IP territory is the dependency of the operator. Base stations have coverage, and generally speaking, where a mobile phone is located, there may be two or three different base stations in different directions, if the signals connecting the two base stations are similar, then the base station to which the phone is actually connected may be constantly switching between the two base stations. If the mobile network of your residence happens to be covered by Jiangsu Mobile and Anhui Mobile at the same time, the result is that you comment under the ZTE document official account, sometimes showing the IP dependency of Jiangsu and sometimes showing the IP dependency of Anhui.

Mobile devices can be connected to different ISP at different times, which causes your IP territory to change constantly. For example, when you are at home, you use the IP address assigned to your broadband. When you get to the company, you use the IP address used by the company. When you travel to other provinces on business, you use the IP address of other provinces, and the IP territory will also change.

Fourth, after the disclosure of the IP territory, will you disclose your privacy? The IP dependency may be different from the actual visitor address, and people will worry about their privacy in the process of changing the address. In fact, the majority of netizens do not need to worry that the disclosure of IP territories will increase the risk of privacy. Because the IP dependency is not the IP address, the IP dependency is the address of the base station, and the base station serves a wide range of areas and a large number of end-users, the granularity of IP territorial information is not enough to directly infer the specific address of the individual through the province, so even if the IP territorial information is disclosed, it will not accurately locate the personal address.

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: ZTE documents (ID:ztedoc)

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