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2025-01-19 Update From: SLTechnology News&Howtos shulou NAV: SLTechnology News&Howtos > IT Information >
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The original title: "what? Is the magma net under the volcano like this? "
A long time ago, we introduced the basic knowledge of volcanoes, the classification of volcanoes, the formation of volcanoes, the distribution of volcanoes. You must have a certain understanding of the volcano, if you do not have a certain understanding, go out and turn right to read the previous tweets! ) 👉 the volcano story you should know after the Tonga volcano erupted! (1) after the Tonga volcano erupted, you should know the volcano story! Volcanoes distributed all over the world have more or less become famous tourist attractions, such as Mount Fuji in Japan, Tianchi in Changbai Mountain in China, and Hawaii, the Pacific Pearl in the United States. Today we are going to talk about this famous holiday attraction and tourist attraction, which is also a hot spot in geoscience research (really hot spot, related to mantle plume).
Hawaii scenery (source: Zhihu @ huanqiuqby) Hawaii is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and consists of 132 islands formed by volcanic eruptions, so volcanic eruptions in the ocean can make land. As early as the last century, after the plate theory was put forward, it was found that the island of Hawaii was not at the edge of the plate, so why is there such a wide range of volcanoes? Industry ancestor John Tuzo Wilson (John Tuzo Wilson) came up with a brilliant idea at this time, that is, the hot spot theory, which holds that a single fixed mantle plume inside the plate can form volcanoes even if it is not at the plate boundary. By 2003, researchers found that hot spots were not fixed, but moving, meaning that the current distribution of Hawaii was caused by the movement of hot spots. The study of the island of Hawaii has never been broken, and the study is getting more and more detailed and in-depth.
Not long ago, an article was published on Science entitled: The magmatic web beneath Hawai'i. The titles of articles in top journals are always so concise and powerful, meaning the magma net under Hawaii. Due to the limitation of technical means, people can't see the underground structure directly, so you can't slice the earth, can you? This job may only be done by the "three-body". At present, the scientific level of our human beings is still impossible, after all, even drilling is the most 12km, the earth's crust has not been drilled through, let alone to study the mantle. Therefore, the development of more indirect research technology, the most commonly used is the Earth CT technology-earthquake! There are quite a lot of popular science about earthquakes, so you can collect them by yourself. We know that seismic information can be used to study the internal structure of the earth, even the core of the earth. Therefore, more seismic data can help us to obtain more elaborate underground structures. There are more analysis directions, such as obtaining underground seismic wave velocity structure for research, and using earthquake location data for research. Both of them are powerful seismological tools for the study of underground structures, with different emphasis on the overall structural analysis, such as which low-velocity body corresponds to what structure and which high-speed body corresponds to what structure; while earthquake location is easier to judge some boundaries or places with stronger tectonic activity, such as Benioff zones (Benioff zone), that is, the structure of subducted plates.
The double-layer seismic zone-the Benioff belt (Tatsumi and Eggins, 1995). Since seismic location data can identify areas where tectonics are more active, these magmatic networks under volcanoes must be one of them. The article mentioned above is to use the data of earthquake location to identify and determine the magma network, but some other materials need to be added, which is the depth learning algorithm. AI algorithms such as deep learning have been widely used in various industries and fields, such as self-driving cars, etc., and the number of related papers has increased in the field of geoscience in recent years. How the specific AI algorithm can help the geoscience field, we will talk about it separately in other tweets.
Driverless cars (source: world wide Web) now look at the magma network in Hawaii. The central conclusion of the article is that the earthquake location data obtained by deep learning algorithm reconstitute a huge bedrock in the mantle, which is as long as 15km, and is connected to volcanoes through a narrow seismicity zone (25km). In addition, it will be connected to some shallow bedrock and so on. These structures fully confirm that this huge bedrock of the mantle is the hub of underground magmatic transport and further confirm the connectivity of the magmatic network.
(Wilding et al., 2022) as for how it is done, let's roughly describe: first of all, all the location data began after the Kilauea crater collapsed in 2018, with a total data volume of 200000. Why there are so many is due to the progress in seismological observation methods (the extensive deployment of seismic networks and mobile stations). Since the Kilauea crater collapsed and erupted, seismicity has become more intense. Using this database, the researchers processed it by means of deep learning and obtained a fine earthquake catalogue (more elaborate in space and time). A more detailed earthquake catalogue is the basis for structural analysis, which will be more accurate in space and time, and can better invert the spatial and temporal evolution of seismicity.
After studying and analyzing the spatial distribution and spatio-temporal evolution of the data, the researchers identified the structure of Pyrhala, that is, the huge bedrock structure in the mantle. In the 3.5 years after 2018, a total of 192000 earthquakes were recorded in the region, a staggering number. After cluster analysis, the researchers found that it is mainly a discrete layered near-horizontal structure, with an overall horizontal extension of 17 km and a westward inclination of about 25 °. The thickness of each cluster can reach 300m. In terms of time evolution, the active time of each cluster is also obviously different, showing the law of its magmatic activity.
AB on the left shows the results of earthquake location and clustering of Pyrhala, while figure ABCD on the right shows the temporal evolution of earthquake results in four five-pointed star regions on the left (Wilding et al., 2022).
The researchers made a fine processing of the seismic data by combining the deep learning algorithm, and made a fine image of the underground magmatic network of the Hawaiian volcano, and obtained a clear magmatic network structure, which is an extremely wonderful research article. it has also promoted human beings to have a better understanding of the activity of volcanoes. It seems that we humans are positive thinking bugs even as bugs! (by the way, everybody go and watch the three-body TV series, )
Reference
Tatsumi Y., Eggins S. Subduction zone magmatism. Cambridge: Blackwell Science, Inc. 1995. 1-49
Wilding, J. D., Zhu, W., Ross, Z. E., & Jackson, J. M. (2022). The magmatic web beneath Hawai'i. Science, eade5755.
This article is from the official account of Wechat: stone popular Science Studio (ID:Dr__Stone), author: Xingyu
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