Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

B.C.

Around 18000, Ishango bony colonies were unearthed in Zaire (probably the earliest evidence of calculation by ancestors).

For about 4000 years, clay calculation marks were used in the Middle East.

About 3400-3200, the development of the Sumerian numbering system.

Around 2050, the earliest evidence of the 60-bit numbering system, the Sumerians.

Circa 1850-1650, ancient Babylonian mathematics.

Circa 1650, the earliest collection of ancient Egyptian papyrus and the best preserved papyrus.

About 1400-1300, the decimal counting method was found in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty in China.

Around 580, Thales of Miletus (Thales of Miletus, "Father of Geometry").

Circa 530-450, Pythagorean school (number theory, geometry, astronomy, and music).

For about 450 years, Zeno's paradox about sports.

Circa 370, Eudoxus (proportion Theory, Astronomy, exhaustion method).

About 350 years, Aristotle (logic).

About 320 years, Odemus's History of Geometry (important evidence of geometric knowledge at that time), India's decimal counting.

For about 300 years, Euclid had a "geometric origin".

For about 250 years, Archimedes (solid geometry, quadrature method, statics, hydrostatics, π approximation).

In about 230 years, Eratosthenes (a measure of the circumference of the earth, an algorithm for finding primes).

For about 200 years, Apollonius' Theory of Cone Section (an extensive and influential work on cone section).

About 150 years old, Hipparks (the first calculated string table).

For about 100 years, Nine chapters of arithmetic (the most important ancient book of Chinese mathematics).

After AD

For about 60 years, Helen of Alexandria (optics, geodesy).

For about 100 years, Menelaus's "spherical" (spherical trigonometry).

In about 150 years, Ptolemy's Almagest (the authoritative textbook on mathematical astronomy).

For about 250 years, Diophantine's "arithmetic" (Arithmetica, solution of definite and indefinite equations, early algebraic symbols).

About 300-400 years, Sun Tzu Shujing (Chinese remainder Theorem).

For about 320 years, Pappus's complete works (summarizing and popularizing the mathematical knowledge known at that time).

Circa 370, Theon of Alexandria (comment on Ptolemy's Great works, revision of Euclid).

Circa 400, Hypatia of Alexandria (comments on Diophanto, Apollonius and Ptolemy).

Circa 450, Proclus (commentary on Euclid's first volume, summary of Eudemus's History of Geometry).

Circa 500-510, the Ayebodo Calendar by the Indian mathematician Ayebodo (an Indian astronomical work containing a good approximation of π, the root sign 2, and the sine of many angles).

In about 510, Boethius translated Greek works into Latin.

In about 625, Wang Xiaotong (the numerical solution of the cubic equation, expressed in geometry).

In 628, the Brahma revised Calendar (an astronomical work, the earliest work on the so-called Pell equation) by Brahma.

In about 710, Bieder (Calendar calculation, Astronomy, Tide).

In about 830, Alhuazimi "algebra" (equation theory).

About 900 years, Abkamir (no understanding of the quadratic equation).

In circa 970-90, Gerbert d'Aurillac introduced Arabic mathematical technology to Europe.

Circa 980, Abu al-Wafa (thought to be the first to calculate modern trigonometric functions; the first to apply and publish the sine law of a sphere).

About 1000 years, ibn al-Haytham (Optics, Alhazen problems).

Circa 1100, Omar Hayam (cubic equation, parallel line postulate).

In 1100-1200, many mathematical works were translated from Arabic into Latin.

Circa 1150, Borshgara's Rilovati and algorithmic Origin (the standard teaching text of arithmetic and algebra in Sanskrit tradition, which includes a detailed account of the Pell equation in later books).

Fibonacci's Liber Abaci (introducing Indo-Arabic numerals to Europe) in 1202.

In about 1270, Yang Hui's "detailed interpretation of the Nine chapters algorithm" (including a figure similar to the "Pascal triangle", which Yang attributed to Jia Xian in the 11th century).

In 1303, Zhu Shijie's "four-Yuan Yujian" (using the elimination method to solve the simultaneous equation of up to four unknowns).

About 1330, the Merton school of sports in Oxford.

In 1335, Heytesbury stated the mean velocity theorem.

In about 1350, Oresme invented an early coordinate geometry and proved the mean velocity theorem, using fractional exponents for the first time.

In about 1415, Brunelleschi proved the geometric method of perspective.

On triangles by Reggio Montanus, circa 1464 (published in 1533, is the first comprehensive European book on plane and spherical trigonometry).

In 1484, Chuquet's three works on the Science of numbers (introduced zero-sum negative exponents, introduced the words "billion" and "trillion").

In 1489, the "+" and "-" signs appeared for the first time in printed matter.

In 1494, Pachouri's "arithmetic outline" (summed up all the known mathematical knowledge at that time, laying the foundation for the coming great development).

In 1525, Rudolff's "skilful calculation" (partly using algebraic symbols, introducing the symbol "√").

In 1525-1528, Duller published articles on perspective, scale, and geometric mapping.

In 1543, Copernicus published the Theory of the Operation of Celestial bodies and put forward the heliocentric theory of planetary motion.

In 1545, Caldano's "great art" (cubic and quartic equations).

In 1557, Recorde's "Wisdom grindstone" (introduced the "=" sign).

In 1572, Pompeii's "algebra" (introducing plural).

Stefan's "decimal arithmetic" (popularizing decimal decimals) in 1585.

In 1591, Victor's introduction to the Art of Analysis (alphabetically marking unknowns).

In 1609, Kepler's New Astronomy (Kepler's first two laws of planetary motion).

In 1610, Galileo's "Star Messenger" (describing his discoveries with binoculars, including the four moons of Jupiter).

Napier's description of the wonderful rules of logarithm (the first logarithmic table) in 1614.

In 1619, Kepler's Harmony of the World (Kepler's third Law).

In 1621, the book arithmetic, translated by Bachet, was published.

In about 1621, Oughtred invented the slide rule.

Briggs's arithmetic of logarithms (the first printed logarithm table with a base of 10).

Thomas Harriot,1560-1621, English mathematician, astronomer and natural researcher. His analytical art for solving algebraic equations was published in Latin ten years after his death (equation theory).

In 1632, Galileo's Dialogue on two World Systems (comparing the theories of Ptolemy and Copernicus).

In 1637, Descartes'"geometry" (the study of geometry by algebraic means).

In 1638, Galileo Galilei's talk and Mathematical proof of two New Sciences (systematic mathematical treatment of physical problems); Fermat studied the "arithmetic" of Diophantine translated by Bachet and made guesses about Fermat's Great Theorem.

In 1642, Pascal invented an adding machine.

In 1654, Fermat and Pascal communicated on probability; Pascal's on arithmetical triangles.

In 1656, Varys's Infinite arithmetic (the area under the curve, the product formula of 4 / π, the systematic study of continued fractions).

Huygens'"on the study of the Game of opportunity" in 1657.

Newton's early work on calculus from 1664 to 1672.

In 1678, Hook's "recovery of situation" (put forward the law of elasticity).

In 1683, Guan Xiaohe's method of solving the problem (the procedure for determining the items of the determinant).

In 1684, Leibniz published his first work on calculus.

In 1687, Newton's "Mathematical principles of Natural philosophy" (Newton's theory of motion and gravity, the basis of classical mechanics, the derivation of Kepler's laws).

In 1690, the Bernoulli family's earliest work on calculus.

In 1696, Lopida's infinitesimal Analysis (the first calculus textbook). Jacob Bernoulli, John Bernoulli, Newton, Leibniz and Lopida on the solution of the shortcut problem (the beginning of the variational method).

In 1704, Newton's Quadrature method was published (the first published paper on Newton's calculus as an appendix to the book Opticks).

In 1706, Jones introduced the symbol π as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle.

In 1713, Jacob Bernoulli's guessing (the foundation work of probability theory).

In 1715, Taylor's "incremental method" (Taylor Theorem).

From 1727 to 1777, Euler introduced the sign "e" to represent the exponential function (1727), the sign "f (x)" to represent the function (1734), the symbol "∑" to represent the sum (1755) and the "I" to represent the imaginary number (1777).

In 1734, Berkeley's "analyst" (the main attack on the application of infinitesimal quantities).

In 1735, Euler solved the Basel problem.

In 1736, Euler solved the problem of the seven bridges of K ö nigsberg.

Euler's various observations on Infinite Series (Euler product) in 1737.

In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli's hydrodynamics (linking liquid flow to pressure).

In 1742, Goldbach guessed (see in his letter to Euler); McLaughlin's "on Stream" (defending Newton against Berkeley's attack).

D'Alembert 's Theory of Dynamics (D'Alembert 's principle) in 1743.

In 1744, Euler's "method of finding curves with certain minimax properties" (variational method).

In 1747, Euler proposed the quadratic reciprocity law, and D'Alembert derived an one-dimensional wave equation as the motion equation to control the vibrating string.

In 1748, Euler's "introduction to Infinite quantity Analysis" (introducing the concept of function, the formula e ^ I θ = cos θ + isin θ and many other things).

Euler's polyhedron formula in 1750-1752.

In 1757, Euler's "General principles of fluid Motion" (Euler equation, the starting point of modern fluid mechanics).

In 1763, Bayes' thesis to solve a problem of opportunity Theory (Bayesian Theorem).

In 1771, Lagrange's thinking on the Algebraic solution of equations (the Codex work of equation theory, which foreshadowed the emergence of group theory).

In 1788, Lagrange's Analytic Mechanics (Lagrange Mechanics).

In 1795, Monge's "analysis for the application of geometry" (differential geometry) and "descriptive geometry" (for the creation of projective geometry is of great significance).

In 1796, Gauss made a regular 17-sided polygon.

In 1797, Lagrange's "Theory of Analytic functions" (mainly studying functions as power series).

In 1798, Legendre's Theory of numbers (the first book devoted to number theory).

In 1799, Gauss proved the basic theorem of algebra.

1799-1825, Laplace's "astromechanics" (the authoritative expression of the mechanics of celestial bodies and planets).

In 1801, Gauss's "arithmetic study" (modular arithmetic, the first complete proof of the law of quadratic reciprocity, many other major results and concepts in number theory).

In 1805, Legendre's least square method.

In 1809, Gauss talked about the motion of celestial bodies.

In 1812, Laplace's "Analytic Theory of probability" (introduced many new concepts of probability theory, including probability generating function, central limit theorem, etc.).

In 1768, Servois (1814-1847, French mathematician) introduced mathematical terms such as "exchangeability" and "distributivity".

In 1815, Cauchy talked about replacement.

In 1817, Polzano's early form of the intermediate value theorem.

In 1821, Cauchy's "course of Analysis" (the main contribution to the rigor of analysis).

In 1822, Fourier's "Thermal Analytic Theory" (Fourier series appeared in literal form for the first time); Pengselle's "on the Projective Properties of figures" (the rediscovery of projective geometry).

In 1823, Navid proposed what is now known as the Navid-Stokes equation; Cauchy's Infinitesimal Analysis course outline.

In 1825, Cauchy integral theorem.

In 1826, the German Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics was published; Abel proved that quintic equations could not be solved by roots.

In 1827, Ampere's Law of Electrodynamics; Gauss's "General study of surfaces" (Gaussian curvature, wonderful Theorem (theorema egregium); Ohm's Law on electricity.

In 1828, Green's theorem.

In 1829, Dirichlet on the convergence of Fourier series; Sturm's theorem; Robachevsky's non-Euclidean geometry Jacobi's New basic Theory of Elliptic functions (a basic work on elliptic functions).

From 1830 to 1832, Galois made a systematic study on the solvability of roots for polynomial equations and the beginning of the theory of groups.

In 1832, Boyei's non-Euclidean geometry.

In 1836, the French Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics was published in France.

From 1836 to 1837, Stumm and Liouville established the Sturm-Liouville theory.

In 1837, Dirichlet proved the existence of an arithmetic sequence of infinitely many primes; Poisson's study of the probability of judgment (Poisson distribution, coined the term "law of large numbers").

In 1841, Jacobi determinant.

In 1843, Hamilton invented quaternions.

Glassman's Theory of extension (double Linear Algebra) in 1844; Kelley's early work on invariants.

In 1846, Chebyshev proved a form of the weak law of large numbers.

In 1851, Riemann's "General theoretical basis of functions of single complex variables" (Cauchy-Riemann equation, Riemann surface).

In 1854, Gloria's abstract definition of group; Boolean's "Law of thought" (algebraic logic); Chebyshev polynomial; Riemann put forward his inaugural paper on the possibility of functions expressed in trigonometric series and the inaugural speech on the hypothesis that theory is the basis of geometry.

From 1856 to 1858, Dedkin offered the first ever course on Galois theory.

Gloria's thesis on Matrix Theory in 1858; Mobius Belt.

In 1859, Riemann hypothesized.

In 1863-1890, Weierstras's lecture on analysis popularized the "ε-δ" method of the subject.

In 1864, Riemann-Roach theorem.

In 1868, Plucker's New Geometry of Space (Linear Geometry); Beltrami's non-Euclidean Geometry; Goldan's theorem on binary form.

From 1869 to 1873, Li developed the theory of continuous groups.

In 1870, Benjamin Peirce's "Linear associative Algebra"; Jordan's "permutation Theory and Algebraic equations" (works on groups).

In 1871, Dedeking introduced the modern concepts of domain, ring, module and ideal.

In 1872, Klein's Erlangen Program; Siro's theorem in group theory; Dedkin's continuity and irrational numbers (cutting is used to construct real numbers).

In 1873, Maxwell's electromagnetic General Theory (electromagnetic field theory and electromagnetic theory of light, Maxwell equation); Clifford's double quaternion; Hermit proved the transcendence of "e".

In 1874, Cantor discovered that there was different infinity.

From 1877 to 1878, Riley's Acoustics (the foundation work of modern acoustic theory).

In 1878, Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis.

Gibbs' principles of Vector Analysis (the basic concept of vector computing) from 1881 to 1884.

In 1882, Lindemann proved the transcendence of "π".

In 1884, Frege's "arithmetic Foundation" (an important attempt to lay the foundation of mathematics).

Jordan curve theorem in 1887.

In 1888, Hilbert's finite basis theorem. In 1889, Peyano's postulate on natural numbers.

In 1890, Poincare's "on three-body problems and dynamic equations" (the first mathematical description of chaotic behavior in dynamical systems).

In 1890-1905, Schroder's "lectures on logical Algebra" (including the concept of Dualgruppe, which is very important in modern lattice theory).

Poincare's position Analysis in 1895 (the first systematic statement of general topology; the basis of algebraic topology).

Cantor's contribution to the establishment of transfinite number theory (a systematic statement of transfinite cardinality theory) from 1895 to 1897.

In 1896, Frobenius established the representation theory; Adama and Delavalebsan proved the prime number theorem; Hilbert's "number field" (the main work of modern algebra theory).

In 1897, the first International Congress of mathematicians was held in Zurich; Henzel introduced p-adic.

In 1899, Hilbert's "geometric basis" (the strict modern axiomatization of Euclidean geometry).

In 1900, Hilbert raised 23 questions at the second International Congress of mathematicians in Paris.

In 1901, Ritchie and Levi-Civita's "absolute differential method and its applications" (tensor calculation).

In 1902, Lebesgue's integral, length, area (Lebesgue integral).

Russell paradox in 1903.

In 1904, Zimmero's axiom of choice.

In 1905, Einstein's special theory of relativity was published.

Russell and Whitehead's "mathematical principles" (avoiding the mathematical basis of set theory paradoxes) in 1910-1913.

In 1914, Hausdorf's Foundation of set Theory (topological space).

In 1915, Einstein submitted a text giving a definite form of general relativity.

In 1916, Bieberbach conjectured.

1917-1918, Fatu and Julia set (iteration of rational functions).

In 1920, Takagi Seiji's existence theorem (the main foundation result of Abel's class domain theory).

In 1921, Nott's "ideal Theory of Ring" (the main step in the development of abstract ring theory).

In 1923, Wiener put forward the mathematical theory of Brownian motion.

In 1924, Curran and Hilbert's "Mathematical Physics methods" (the main summary of known applications and mathematical physics methods at that time).

In 1925, Fisher's "Statistical methods for researchers"; Heisenberg's matrix mechanics (the first statement of quantum mechanics); Weir's character formula (the basic result of the representation of compact lie groups).

In 1926, Schrodinger's wave dynamics (the second statement of quantum mechanics).

In 1927, Peter and Weir's "completeness of the initial representation of closed continuous groups" (the birth of modern harmonic analysis); Artin's generalized reciprocity law.

In 1930, Ramsey's A question about formal Logic.

Van der Walden's near Generation (revolutionized it and promoted Artin and Nott's approach) from 1930 to 1931.

Godel's incompleteness theorem in 1931.

Banach's Theory of Linear Operations (the first monograph on functional analysis) in 1932.

In 1933, Kolmogorov's axiom of probability theory. In 1935, Bulbaki was born.

In 1937, Turing's paper on calculable numbers (Turing machine theory).

In 1938, Godel proved that the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice were compatible with Zermelo-Fraenkel 's axiom.

In 1939, the first volume of Bulbaki's principles of Mathematics was published.

In 1943, Colossus came out (the first programmable computer).

In 1944, Von Neumann and Morgenstern's Game Theory and Economic behavior (the basis of game theory).

In 1945, Ellenberg and McLean defined the concept of category; Ellenberg and Steinrod introduced the axiomatic approach of homology theory.

In 1947, Danzig discovered the simplex algorithm.

In 1948, Shannon's Mathematical Theory of Communication (the basis of information theory).

In 1949, Wei guessed that Eltsey and Selberg gave an elementary proof of the prime theorem.

In 1950, Han Ming's "error detection code and error correction code" (the beginning of coding theory).

In 1955, Lott's theorem on forcing modern numbers with rational numbers. The conjecture of Goro Shimura and Taniyama.

Grotendike revolutionized algebraic geometry during his years at the Institute of Advanced Science from 1959 to 1970.

In 1963, Atia-Singh index theorem; Cohen proved that the choice of public is independent of ZF, while the continuum hypothesis is independent of ZFC.

In 1964, Ying Pingyou proved the singularity resolution theorem.

In 1965, Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer 's conjecture was published and Karlsson's theorem was proved.

In 1966, Robinson's "non-standard analysis" (profoundly restated a large part of algebraic theory and representation theory).

From 1966 to 1967, Lang Lantz introduced some conjectures, which led to the Lang Lantz program.

In 1967, Gardner,Greene,Kruskal and Miura gave the analytical solution of the KdV equation.

In 1970, based on the work of Davies,Putnam and Robinson, Matiyasevich proved that there is no algorithm for solving the general Diophantine equation, thus solving Hilbert's tenth problem.

From 1971 to 1972, Cook,Karp and Levin developed the concept of NP completeness.

In 1974, Deligne completed the proof of Wei's conjecture.

In 1976, Appel and Haken proved the four-color theorem with a computer program.

In 1978, the RSA algorithm of public key cryptography; Brooks and Matelski made the first image of the Mandelbrot set.

In 1981, the classification theorem of finite simple groups was announced.

In 1982, Hamilton introduced the Ridge flow; Thurston's geometric conjecture.

In 1983, Faltins proved the Modell conjecture.

In 1984, De Branges proved Bieberbach's conjecture.

In 1985, Masser and Oesterle proposed the ABC conjecture.

In 1989, Anosov and Bolibruch answered the Riemann-Hilbert question in the negative.

In 1994, Shor's quantum algorithm for integer factorization and two papers by Wiles and Taylor / Wiles proved Fermat's Great Theorem.

In 2003, Perelman proved the Poincare conjecture and Thurston geometric conjecture with the Ridge flow.

In 2004, the classification of finite simple groups, a 50-year cooperative work involving hundreds of mathematicians, was completed; Ben Green and Terence Tao proved the Green-Tao theorem.

In 2007, a team of researchers across North America and Europe used computer networks to draw Edible 8.

In 2009, the basic Lemma (Langlands Program) was proved by Ng ô bgobo Ch â u.

In 2013, Zhang Yitang proved the first finite bound of prime gap.

In 2014, the Flyspeck team announced that it had completed the proof of the Kepler conjecture.

In 2015, Terence Tao addressed the Eldesh discrepancy.

In 2015, L á szl ó Babai found that a quasi-polynomial complexity algorithm can solve the problem of graph isomorphism.

In 2022, Zhang Yitang completed the proof of Landau-Siegel conjecture.

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: Lao Hu Shuo Science (ID:LaohuSci). Author: I am Lao Hu.

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