Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

To solve this problem, let's first look at the structure of the sun.

The sun is a fireball composed of plasma, which is divided into core region, radiation zone and convective zone from inside to outside, and the outermost layer is the atmosphere. This kind of shell structure, I believe you are very familiar with, is similar to the structure of the earth.

The solar atmosphere can be divided into three layers, namely the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona.

The picture is from Pixabay and the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, prominences and solar wind mentioned in the question all occur in the solar atmosphere. Let me introduce them to you one by one.

Sunspots are not black, they are areas where the magnetic field on the sun's surface is highly concentrated, contain a lot of energy, and the temperature is relatively high, but the temperature in this region is slightly lower than the average temperature on the sun's surface. thus forming a dark area on the surface of the sun. The region where sunspots are located is the lowest photosphere of the solar atmosphere. There are always light spots in the photosphere near the sunspot and spectral spots in the chromosphere above the sunspot.

Where sunspots appear, there are solar flares. When magnetic reconnection occurs in the magnetic lines above sunspots, huge energy is released and a large amount of radiation is emitted into space. This phenomenon is called solar flares and occurs in the chromosphere. After the occurrence of solar flares, sunspots become smaller or even disappear. The intensity of solar flares can be divided into different grades, among which the larger ones will have a certain impact on human beings.

Image source Pixabay as for the prominence, it is a long ring protruding from the solar chromosphere, which is called the prominence because it is a bit like the sun's earrings. Among them, the largest prominence of the sun is hundreds of thousands of kilometers above the surface of the sun, leaving huge holes in the middle of the prominence, enough to fill dozens of Earths. Prominences often appear near sunspots.

The structure of the prominence is unstable and releases a lot of energy when it breaks. The average existence time of active prominence is about 5 minutes, while that of stationary prominence can be as long as several months.

With the rise and fall of prominences, the energy released will cause part of the coronal matter to leave the sun's surface and be thrown into space, which is called coronal mass ejection. Coronal mass ejections are often accompanied by flares. If this phenomenon is aimed at Earth, it will seriously interfere with radio communications on Earth and even damage satellites in space.

There is a huge radiation pressure inside the sun, and some particles will escape from the surface of the sun. The so-called solar wind is actually a stream of charged particles radiated from the surface of the sun, mainly the coronal layer. The formation of auroras is related to the flow of these charged particles at speeds of up to hundreds of kilometers per second. The solar wind exists all the time. The difference between the solar wind and the coronal mass ejection is that the coronal mass ejection ejects a lot of charged particles in an instant, which can be regarded as a directional, high-intensity solar wind.

Among them, sunspots are the most concerned by scientists because they are the core of the solar active region, and the vast majority of solar bursts occur in the atmosphere above sunspots. Therefore, when there are larger sunspots on the surface of the sun, or when the number of sunspots increases, it means that the activity of the sun will become intense.

In a word, all these are produced by the joint action of the huge radiant energy in the sun, the solar gravity and the solar magnetic field.

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: scientific exploratory bacteria (ID:kxtsj9405). Author: Nansha startled Dream.

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