Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

The 2022 Qatar World Cup has finally opened!

The first whistle sounded at the Bay Stadium at 7 p.m. Doha time on November 20, that is, at midnight Beijing time on the 21st. This is the first time in the history of the World Cup to enter the Middle East, and it will be held at the end of the year for the first time. Let the Chinese fans watch the match, from an open-air beer barbecue to a big cotton-padded jacket surrounded by hot pot.

Because Qatar is so hot that the highest temperature this summer reached 48 ℃, it was only under coordination that it was changed to the local winter event.

Even so, it is far from cool.

Weather forecast for 18 to 24 days in Doha | Source: weather.com.cn University of Nottingham simulation predicts that it will be much hotter in a crowded stadium. The temperature in the auditorium can reach 35 to 37 ℃, and the central temperature may even be 42 ℃. Far beyond the comfort temperature range recommended by FIFA: 20 to 25.5 ℃.

What shall I do? Qatar waved his hand and turned on the air conditioner!

Just imagine, blowing air conditioning in an open space that can hold tens of thousands of people is like turning on the air conditioner to the lowest temperature while opening all the windows of the room. Sounds like a lot of money and effort.

Qatar has built seven such air-conditioned stadiums. (the rest of the Khalifa International Stadium is renovated.)

Eight World Cup venues | Source: how many steps does qatar 2022 take to cool an open stadium? How hot is Qatar? One netizen said: "in the last World Cup held in Asia, the ball was called 'flying meteor'. If the World Cup is held in Qatar in the summer, the temperature will be 40 or 50 degrees." it's estimated that everyone is a flying meteor. "

Despite the fact that football players often play games regardless of rain or shine, the high temperature will still bring a lot of influence.

The teams performed well in the first round of Euro 2004 in Portugal, but as the weather got hotter and hotter, the team lost momentum and the pace of the game became slower and slower. Similarly, at the 2006 World Cup in Germany, the afternoon games were quite slow, while the evening games were more aggressive.

Moreover, the expensive stadium can only be used every winter, so the performance-to-price ratio is too low. In order to make full use of it in the future, rather than being reduced to a huge amount of idle property at the end of the game, cooling is essential.

In the past, in the face of high temperatures, the World Cup usually only adopted the configuration of "fully closed stadium + breathable jersey". Qatar went further, injecting a lot of ingenuity into the design of the stadium.

First of all, keep the warm air out of the building as much as possible.

In order to reduce direct sunlight, most of the eight venues of the World Cup in Qatar are located on the east-west axis. In this way, when there is sun during the day, you can ensure that the stadium and the stands can enjoy the maximum shade.

The orientation of the World Cup venues is carefully set | Source: football Road is black to absorb heat, so most of the eight venues have a light-colored surface. Even the Bay Stadium, which was originally based on the traditional Bedouin tent in the desert, had to be changed from black to white to cool down. The effect was immediate: the indoor temperature dropped by 5 ℃ at once.

Bedouin tent | Source: rhitents

Bay Stadium | Source: in order to avoid the invasion of sunlight as much as possible, the Education City Gymnasium, one of the eight stadiums, has been designed as a sparkling diamond. The diamond-shaped facade has ultra-high sunlight reflectivity, which is dazzling and bright, and the site is also built slightly below the ground to control the temperature in the field.

Education City Gymnasium | Source: The Stadium Guide they also used smoke and laser to simulate the 3D printed model of the stadium in a wind tunnel to observe the flow of air at different wind speeds and pressures. Let the Radian of the roof disperse the heat as much as possible so as not to enter the interior of the venue.

3D printed Bay Stadium | Source: qf.org can not be transferred, or the roof can be closed.

Take the Vokra Stadium designed by famous architect Zaha Hadid as an example, its roof is retractable and can be closed in 30 minutes. It's like a round of sails covering the top of the field, reducing the temperature of the spectator area to 18 °C. Even when the roof is opened, the wrinkles of the roof can guide the air to flow around.

Vokra Stadium | Source: The Stadium Guide also has a surreal idea. As early as 2011, Qatar University developed a solar-powered "cloud" for the World Cup. By raising the airborne helium bag and positioning it remotely, it can sprinkle a piece of shade on the stadium when the sun is shining.

As to whether it is really used in this competition, let's wait and see.

A solar energy "floating cloud" | Source: Energy Digital Magazine has not been let off outdoors. In the Qatari capital Doha, many roads have been built in bright blue to absorb less solar radiation and reflect ultraviolet rays, thereby lowering the somatosensory temperature of pedestrians and motorists.

Doha's bright blue highway | Source: Science X, but the most important thing is to rely on a huge air-conditioning system. Simply put, during the World Cup, venues keep pumping cold air into the stadium, creating a two-meter-high, "completely isolated" cool bubble. At the lowest room temperature, it will be fully 20 °C lower than outside the field.

What kind of system is this?

First of all, hundreds of vents are hidden under the seats in the auditorium, just like the small nozzles of shower heads. They blow out small but dense cold air from the height of the audience's ankles, allowing the air to circulate gently, rather than giving people a headache.

Small air outlet under the auditorium | Source: archdaily for players, the need for cooling is even more urgent.

According to research, each player has to run more than 10 kilometers in a single game, consuming more than three liters of sweat. In the tropical desert climate of Qatar, if there is no good heat dissipation, it may cause heat exhaustion.

So there are a lot of large nozzles around the stadium. Each of these air outlets is more than dozens of centimeters in diameter, and the wind is very strong, bringing air-conditioning to the referees of the players in the field.

The "big nozzle" around the stadium | Source: archdaily, a combination of "large and small nozzles", is special in that it is not designed to cool the whole field, but to "cool down" in a more accurate direction, only in areas where people appear. This is less than 1/10 of the total space area. Engineers have developed an accurate hydrodynamic model: setting the angle of each outlet by measuring the speed and angle of air flow.

An ultra-thin giant air-conditioning barrier no more than 2 meters from the ground arises at the historic moment.

Air-conditioning only works where there are people | Source: cibsejournal, however, if the air-conditioning is too strong, there will be some risks.

For example, before the Asian Champions League quarter match at the Education City Gymnasium in the midsummer of September this year, the Persepolis team worried that the air conditioner was too cold and easy to catch a cold, and thoughtfully prepared blankets for the bench.

In addition, many people think that in Qatar, which is full of tycoons, the cooling system of the World Cup depends solely on numbers to win. If one air conditioner is not enough, hundreds of them will be installed. Little do you realize that it is actually a set of energy-saving circulatory system.

Unlike the familiar household air conditioners, the system does not use traditional refrigerants such as freon, but absorbs energy from solar panels and uses an expensive absorption refrigerator to cool a separate water loop. These 7 ℃ of cooling water are preserved to cool the air in the field.

When the cool air heats up again, it is removed by the exhaust fan located in the middle area, re-filtered, cooled, and sent into the field over and over again. Minimize the internal impact of hot air outside the field.

At the same time, it plays the role of air purification. The fresh air is blown out from the feet of the audience and sucked back from the head, just like a small cabin seat, which can filter dust, sweat, or novel coronavirus.

Mode of operation of the cooling circulation system | Source: under the qatar2022 system, the energy consumption of the stadium is only 1/5 of that of the airport terminal in the same area.

Most of the electricity comes from a large solar power station on the outskirts of Doha. It covers an area of more than 10 square kilometers and consists of about 1.8 million solar panels. It will power the stadium during the World Cup and about 10% of the country's electricity after the match.

How much does it cost? Look at it as a whole: according to Al Jazeera in Qatar, organizers have spent $200 billion on the World Cup project, and the number is expected to end with no less than 300 billion.

What is this concept?

The 2014 World Cup in Brazil cost $11 billion. And this World Cup costs more than the previous seven combined.

With regard to the cost of the refrigeration system, a Reuters reporter once interviewed Dr. Saud Abdul Ghani, the head of technology and a professor of mechanical engineering at Qatar University, who did not reply to specific figures, saying only: "this is a lot of money."

However, reporters have learned the approximate amount from other sources one after another. Officials of the Qatar World Cup Organizing Committee have said that the country will spend $650 million to $700 million on all stadiums and training facilities, while the venue's project manager said that due to the addition of a cooling system (a total of 3000 vents were installed in the venue), the cost of building the entire venue has increased by two to three times, with an average "value" of $6000 to $7000 per seat.

Among the tickets sold for the World Cup, the most expensive first-class ticket for the final is currently priced at 45800 yuan, or about $6000, while the normal price for the group stage is about 2200 yuan, equivalent to only $310.

Can I get my money back?

Tickets for the last World Cup in Russia | Source: infobae

The organizers don't seem to have much worry about breaking even.

In previous interviews, they all said that the money they spent was for the city's long-term economic development and environmental protection concept, and they put forward a bold idea: to achieve carbon neutrality throughout the event!

FIFA has made a comparison before: because Qatar is relatively small (about 2/3 of that of Beijing), thanks to the short distance between venues, low traffic fuel consumption, and solar cooling technology, carbon emissions are expected to be less than 1/3 of those of the last World Cup in Russia.

But if you take into account the carbon emissions generated during the construction of the stadium (which accounts for 90% of the total), and because Qatar is too small to accommodate the influx of 1.3 million fans, many people will live in neighboring countries and fly back and forth to watch football every day. These flights are expected to produce 800000 tons of greenhouse gases. It doesn't add up to a small number-the equivalent of a passenger car circling the earth 80000 times.

In contrast to household air conditioners, according to data released by a domestic brand this year, an air conditioner produces a carbon footprint of 4119.38 kg CO2eq-- in its whole life cycle, equivalent to 194000 air conditioners running at the same time.

The organizers have previously indicated that they will be compensated by actively planting trees and waste management. To that end, they planted 16000 trees and nearly 700000 nursery shrubs, opened 800 new electric buses and a brand new 800MW solar power plant.

But in the end, it depends on money.

Carbon neutralization in this World Cup will be achieved mainly through the purchase of carbon credits, and so far Qatar has pledged to buy 1.8 million carbon offset credits from the Global carbon Council. But as of November 14, the Global carbon Council had granted it only 550000 credit points, only 15 per cent of the 15 per cent needed to achieve carbon neutrality in this World Cup. Coupled with the immaturity of the carbon offset system itself, many people question Qatar's commitment to carbon neutralization.

It seems that cooling the planet is a bigger problem than cooling the stadium.

reference

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352913351_Effect_of_Roof_Cooling_and_Air_Curtain_Gates_on_Thermal_and_Wind_Conditions_in_Stadiums_for_Hot_Climates

[2] https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/south-africa-to-host-1st-winter-world-cup-in-32-years-1.774723

[3] https://www.qf.org.qa/stories/cooling-technology-used-in-qatars-world-cup-stadiums-powered-by-qf-research

[4] https://www.wired.com/2011/03/qatar-carbon-fiber-clouds/

[5] https://www.archdaily.com/991186/how-will-qatar-deal-with-high-temperatures-inside-world-cup-stadiums

[6] https://www.cibsejournal.com/technical/sporting-success-a-study-of-air-conditioning-stadiums-in-qatar/

[7] https://www.pixstory.com/story/qatar-world-cup-and-air-conditioning-part-2/110639

[8] http://news.cnhubei.com/content/2022-08/14/content_14979019.html

[9] https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221018-qatar-inaugurates-solar-plant-to-help-power-world-cup

[10] https://www.businesstraveller.com/features/the-ultimate-travel-guide-for-the-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022/

[11] https://fortune.com/2022/11/07/qatar-world-claims-carbon-neutral-air-conditioning-stadiums/

[12] https://www.wired.com/story/qatar-2022-world-cup-emissions/

[13] https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/south-africa-to-host-1st-winter-world-cup-in-32-years-1.774723

[14] https://www.163.com/dy/article/HCDKKH7E05299SJL.html

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: fruit Shell (ID:Guokr42), author: Lilyann, Editor: Weng Jie

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