Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

Original title: "Meat eaters like it-would you like to have a taste?" The hardest dish in the world. "

Meat stone, as the name implies, meat-like stone, that is, the shape, structure, color are very similar to meat stone, meat stone is mainly pork stone, with "skin, fat, meat, bone, hair" five elements of the ornamental stone. As the old saying goes, "food is the most important thing for the people". Chinese people have a deep love for delicious food, and the genes that are born almost fanatical. The tip of the world's tongue has and can only be China. This self-confidence comes not only from the eight major cuisines, but also from our loyalty to food and enthusiasm for life, so that this spirit even extends to stones, which can only be used to draw cakes to satisfy hunger. These meaty stones can be called "the hardest dishes in the world".

According to whether the meat stone is treated or not, meat stone is divided into natural meat stone and craft meat stone, natural meat stone, that is, flesh-shaped stone with natural shape and color. Craft meat stone, that is, with meat stone as the base, the meat stone is artificially involved in cutting, grinding and shaping. After cutting and grinding, the meat stone has an arc, square, oval, irregular shape, similar to square meat, elbows, hooves, meatballs, and so on. Some can also be processed into sausages, pig feet and other shapes. [1]

Rib rib

Stone species: meat stone

Origin: Liuzhou, Guangxi

Specification: 33cm × 8cm × 18cm

Pig's foot

Stone species: meat stone

Origin: Liuzhou, Guangxi

Specification: 15cm × 6cm × 12cm [2]

Most of the meat stones are clear and delicate in color and high in hardness, so as to simulate the texture of meat fat. There are more stone species with this texture than volcanic magmatic geological processes, so meat stones are mostly igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks and siliceous rocks. it is formed by the contact between underground magma and other minerals in the process of movement, and its composition is mainly composed of silicon dioxide.

In terms of composition alone, there are many stones in nature that can be used as flesh stones. However, there are very few natural meat stones produced on the surface. The reason why "meat stone" is precious is not only because it is related to its generation mechanism and frequent geological activities, but also because the magma has little chance of forming meat stone texture and eventually becoming pictographic stone. "spirit and shape" boutique meat stone is even more rare. Fine meat stone "the skin should be scorched yellow, the pores should be seen, the fat should be thick, the meat color should be fresh, the fat meat should be milky white, the lean meat should be red, the level is clear, and the proportion is appropriate", which makes people "covet it and enjoy it". Natural fine meat stone is very rare in nature, so it is very precious.

A piece of "Dongpo Meat" stone, named after Su Dongpo, is the best stone in the Taipei Palace Museum. it is one of the treasures of the three major town shops of the Taipei Palace Museum. It is 5.73 centimeters high and 6.6 centimeters wide. The prototype is a natural piece of jade, carved by hand. The stone is produced in Alashan, Inner Mongolia. According to textual research, this stone may be Gobi agate stone. This strange stone is a natural stone, the color and texture are all formed naturally, and it looks like a lifelike piece of pork. The fat and thin layers of the "meat" are distinct, the texture is clear, the pores are like, and the texture is quite lifelike. Although the epidermis is slightly dyed in the way of "amber scalding", it is also a national treasure. Together with jade cabbage and Mao Gongding, it is called the "three treasures" of the Taipei Palace Museum. [3]

The National Palace Museum in Taipei has a collection of "Dongpo meat" stones. There are many places where meat stones are produced in China, such as Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Anhui and other places. There are two types of protolith: one is siliceous rocks (Gobi agate, Zhejiang yellow wax, Guangxi big fossils, Xinjiang gold jade, etc.), represented by Gobi Sunita meat stone (Paleozoic siliceous and agate) in Inner Mongolia; the other is calcareous rocks (Xizang marble, Guangxi Liuzhou Caixia stone (Devonian colored marble), represented by Triassic marble in Xizang Naqu area. Among the two kinds of meat stones, the quality of siliceous rocks is the best.

The "Dongpo Meat" stone in the Taipei Imperial Museum is the Gobi agate stone from Alashan, Inner Mongolia. Agate is short for agate stone. It is a cryptocrystalline siliceous rock whose main chemical composition is silicon dioxide (SiO2), which usually accounts for 97. 5%. About 5% [4], accompanied by other minerals, natural agate has a distinct characteristic band structure, and we can also see its layered structure on the "Dongpo meat" stone, but this is only observed by the naked eye. under a more sophisticated optical and electron microscope, each layer of joints in the agate is clearly visible, and some agates even have more than 200 layers. Agate hard texture, delicate texture of jade, bright and diverse colors, a variety of shapes, deeply loved by people. Although we do not know the genetic mechanism and formation process of its special belt structure, but this does not prevent us from appreciating its beauty.

Alashan agate

Schematic diagram of agate structure [5] the banding pattern on agate mainly results from the rhythmic changes of chemical composition and microstructure of agate. These different chemicals and structures have different transparency and color differences. The width of the ribbon is also closely related to the conditions of agate formation. In fact, the banded structure is an important identification feature of agate. Only cryptocrystalline siliceous rocks with banded patterns can be called agate, while cryptocrystalline siliceous rocks without banded structure and uniform color can only be called chalcedony. Agate mainly occurs in fissures and holes in volcanic rocks, and its shape is limited by diagenetic space. [5]

Brazilian agate shows fibrous chalcedony, banded chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz and autogenous crystal quartz under orthogonal polarizing microscope.

Agate occurs in all kinds of rocks in nature, but it mainly occurs in volcanic extrusive rocks [6]. Although there are many explanations for the origin of agate, some scholars have put forward according to experimental studies. Agate formation is likely to be affected by low-temperature hydrothermal solution and meteoric water in the later stage of volcanic activity [7] At present, it is generally believed that the special agate band structure is derived from siliceous hydrothermal precipitation or silica gel in-situ crystallization, especially volcanic agate, which is considered to be the product of magmatic period. [8]

Inner Mongolia Autonomous region has a vast territory and is located in two major structural units: the North China quasi-platform and the Tianshan Xingmeng Hualixi geosyncline. From the geological point of view, it is comprehensively controlled by the main structural belts such as Yinshan zonal structure, Daxinganling NeoCathaysian structure and Mongolian arc structure, and there are two paleo-plate suture lines running through the middle and north. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanoes are active frequently, with a total distribution area of more than 590000 square kilometers, and volcanic rocks account for half of the whole area, while the occurrence of agate in Inner Mongolia is closely related to basic and medium-basic volcanic rocks, such as basalt and andesite basalts are beneficial to mineralization, which provides good geological conditions for the formation of agate deposits. [9]

Geotectonic zoning map of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region [10]

Traffic location map of the Alashan block [11] the Alashan area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region is famous for producing high-quality Gobi agate, even known as the "hometown of agate". Alashan is bordered by the Badain Jaran Desert in the west and the Langshan Mountain system in the east. The Alashan block is tectonically located at the junction of the North China plate, the Tarim plate and the Xingmeng orogenic belt (north neighbor Xingmeng orogenic belt), which is the joint of a tectonic unit. As the marginal active zone of the plate, Alashan area has experienced a variety of tectonic movements for a long time, and the magmatic activity is extremely intense, including large-scale magmatic intrusion, strong volcanic magmatic eruption and overflow, and various forms of magmatic activity. as a result, the area is very rich in magma-related minerals. [11]

The location of the northern margin of Alashan in the Central Asian orogenic belt [12]

Sketch map of geological tectonic units in Alashan area [11] according to the analysis of geologists, the intrusive rock belts in Alashan area include Paleoproterozoic intrusive rock belt, Neoproterozoic intrusive rock belt, Neoproterozoic ultrabasic-basic rock belt, late Paleozoic volcanic-intrusive rock belt and Mesozoic intrusive rock belt. Due to the active and long-term magmatic activity, the magmatic rocks are widely distributed in Alashan area, accounting for more than half of the bedrock area, exposed in all ages and complicated in rock types. ultrabasic, basic, neutral, acidic rocks and different types of transitional rocks are distributed, which provides sufficient basic and intermediate volcanic rocks for the occurrence of agate in Inner Mongolia. It is under this condition that the characteristic agate mine in Alashan was slowly formed. [13]

Geological map of the northern margin of Alashan [10]

Geological map of Alashan area [14] most of the agates produced in Alashan area are formed by multiple stages. the material sources of different stages and different growth environments lead to differences in the structure, color and appearance of agate. The high temperature, strong air temperature change and wind-blown sand in the Gobi Desert environment play an important role in the formation of Alashan Gobi agate unique appearance. [15]

There are mainly two types of Alashan Gobi agate: stomatal filling type and fissure filling type. The stomatal filling type is mainly produced in stomatal basalt, oval or flat in shape, and the individual is generally small, mostly 1 kg to 20 kg. The fracture filling type is mostly produced in the fissures of dense basalt, and a few of them are filled between textures. the block is a few centimeters to a few meters wide and ten centimeters to ten meters long. it is obvious that the "east slope meat" stone of the Taipei Palace Museum should be fissure filling type.

So how did the "Dongpo meat" stone come into being? This question may never be answered accurately, but we can still draw an appropriate inference: first of all, during the long-term magmatic activity, the basement of the "Dongpo meat" stone is gradually formed, and its structure is relatively loose at this time. It quietly waits for the coming of metamorphosis. In the following period of time, with the continuous magmatic activity, the siliceous hydrothermal solution poured into the previously formed basement under the environment of high temperature and high pressure, like the fire of Phoenix Nirvana, filling and crystallizing along a relatively loose part, and the relatively dense structure of the "Dongpo meat" stone gradually formed.

In the following thousands of years, the "Dongpo meat" stone endured the fierce cold and heat of the continental climate of the desert plateau day after day, wind and sand rain, and slowly exposed to the surface, under the surface sedimentary environment and exogenous action, its relatively loose structure was eroded, and iron-containing minerals invaded through leaching, resulting in the dark yellow of the "Dongpo meat" stone, which just became the finishing touch of the magical flesh color. [16]

reference

[1] Tang Jiafu. Ornamental Stone Spectrum-- Analysis of Stone formation and Evaluation of Fu [M]. 89.

[2] Tang Jiafu. Ornamental Stone Spectrum-- Analysis of Stone formation and Evaluation of Fu [M]. 89.

[3] Baidu encyclopedia pork stone https://baike.baidu.com/ item/

[4] Flrke O W Kohlermurtz Herbertz BMagazine Langer K.Water in micro- crystalline quartz of volcanic origin: Agates [J]. Contributions to Min- eralogy and Petrology,80 (4): 324-333.

[5] Baidu encyclopedia https://baike.baidu.com/ item/

[6] Moxon T and Reed S J B.Agate and chalcedony from igneous and sedimentary hosts aged from 13 to 3 480 Ma: a cathodoluminescence study [J]. Mineralogical Magazine,70 (5): 485-498.

Tao Ming, Xu Haijun. Structure, water content and genetic mechanism of agate [J]. Journal of Rock Mineralogy. 2016 Magazine 35 (02)

H.J.Blankenburg, Tang Yueqing. Preliminary results of oxygen isotope study of volcanic agate and its genetic explanation [J]. Geology and geochemistry. 1983, (10)

[9] Li Hai-negative. Geological characteristics and utilization value of agate in Inner Mongolia [J]. Jewellery。 1991, (02).

[10] Shao Jidong. Division of geological structural units in Inner Mongolia and related problems [J]. Resources in the western region. 2016 (03).

[11] Emil Ding Elken. Late Paleozoic-Triassic tectonic evolution in Langshan area, northeast margin of Alashan block [D] Nanjing University.

[12] Yin Haiquan. Paleozoic sediments and their geotectonic evolution in northern Alashan area, Inner Mongolia [D] China University of Geosciences (Beijing).

[13] Li Junjian. Regional metallogenic system of Alashan Block in Inner Mongolia [D] China University of Geosciences (Beijing).

Wu Tairan, he Guoqi. Division of tectonic units and basic characteristics of each unit on the northern margin of the Alashan block, Inner Mongolia [J] Acta Geologica Sinica. 1993, (02).

[15] Hu Jiefan, Yang Xing. Genetic types and market prospect of strange stone in Alashan, Inner Mongolia [J]. Journal of Gemology and Gemology. 2006 (01).

Zhang Yong, Lu Taijin, Chen Hua. Microscopic characteristics of agate in Alashan Gobi. Jewelry and Technology-- Proceedings of China Jewelry academic Exchange Conference (2015)

This article is from the official account of Wechat: stone popular Science Studio (ID:Dr__Stone). Author: Bian Zhou

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