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On New year's Eve 2022, friends in front of the TV will never forget this virtual and real dance, which is a blend of ancient and modern times. "only this green", elegant dancers, dance with graceful posture to draw a "map of rivers and mountains", the long artistic conception makes people linger.

Map of rivers and mountains of thousands of miles (excerpt) at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the green landscape "map of rivers and mountains of thousands of miles" was born.

Silk color, green landscape stretches for thousands of miles, rivers and lakes swamps, mountains and mountains as one, its majestic majestic show, surrounded by peaks, its vast water potential, far connected to the river and sea, ships, waterwheels, buildings, scattered, south ships and north horses, continuous operation, victory of rivers and mountains, magnificent atmosphere, the beauty of the country, beautiful.

Do you think this belongs to copy? No, I wrote it myself! )

With a length of 51.5cm and a horizontal length of 1191.5 cm, it is the longest landscape painting scroll in the Song Dynasty, but it was carefully painted by a talented painter Wang Ximeng, who was only 17 or 18 years old. He died at the age of 20 and painted only one picture all his life, but it was popular for a thousand years. Today we are going to talk about the intoxicating colors in this painting-the green in green and green.

According to archaeological research, the earliest pigments used by human beings are mineral pigments. The earliest examples of the use of natural colors found in China can be traced back to the late Paleolithic Age. it can be said that mineral pigments have been with us since they were developed. In the Thousand Li Jiangshan Map, the green part is mainly colored by the head green and four greens in the stone green, taken from malachite, while the blue part, that is, the blue part in the painting, the top layer uses the head green and four blue in the stone green, taken from the azurite. The "green" in the "green landscape" in Chinese traditional painting is derived from the stone green and stone green of Chinese painting pigments.

First, the natural stone green is developed from malachite, and the ancients also called it "empty green", "green green", "green stone green" and so on. There have been malachite hairpin handicrafts in the Yin Dynasty in the 13th century BC in China. Stone green for painting is usually in the form of powder, according to the fineness of stone green grinding can be divided into head green, two green, three green, four green and so on, the head green is the thickest and greenest, gradually thin and fade. Lu you in the poem "Tourism": "Luoqing points out the color of Moshan, stone green dyed into Chunpu tide." In a word, it is appropriate to borrow the shade of stone green in the green landscape to reflect the bright beauty of the late mountain tide.

Although stone green pigment malachite with "stone" in the name, but its toughness is poor, very fragile, fragile, afraid of collision, is a kind of loose basic copper carbonate [CuCO3 Cu (OH) 2], for monoclinic crystal system, crystal shape is columnar or needle-like, but very rare, usually cryptocrystalline stalactite, block, shell, nodular and fibrous aggregates. The green of the mineral is attributed to the copper ion it contains, and it is named "malachite" because it resembles the green spots on the feathers of malachite. High-grade malachite usually has a bright and lively emerald green. The aggregates are usually nodular, shell-shaped, crystal stalactite, massive and fibrous, with concentric layer structure and radial fiber structure. [1] Malachite often occurs in the oxidation zone of copper sulphide deposits. and often symbiosis with other copper-bearing minerals (azurite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, natural copper, etc.), China is mainly produced in Yangchun, Guangdong, Daye, Hubei and northwest Jiangxi.

The formation of malachite and malachite

The formation of malachite is obviously related to the sedimentary environment and structure, atmospheric environment, magmatic activity, metamorphism and the distribution of metallic and non-metallic minerals.

There are mainly two genetic types of malachite fossilization. The first kind of malachite fossilization is related to copper mineralization. Copper-containing sulfides gradually form malachite in the oxidation zone, so [2] is mainly disseminated, and some of them are distributed on the ore surface in the form of thin film. This kind of malachite belongs to the associated mineral of copper ore, and primary chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite can be seen around it. [3]

The second kind of malachite fossilization is related to the high copper content high background area and the local unique physical geography and climatic environment. In the areas where evaporation is much higher than recharge, groundwater tends to be alkaline, and the value of pH in aqueous solution tends to increase gradually. When these groundwater flows through areas with high copper content, such as copper-bearing intermediate-acid volcanic rocks or intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, groundwater with higher copper content will be formed, and then these groundwater will move along the tectonic fissures formed by geological activities. Due to the evaporation of a large amount of water, the precipitation is enhanced on the surface or near the surface, and malachite is formed on the fracture surface of the rock. When it meets the water containing silica and chemical changes occur, it will also produce silicon malachite [CuSiO3 ·2H2O]. In nature, most silicon malachite occurs in the form of shell, grape, fiber or radiation aggregate. after the complete fusion of silicon malachite and quartz, it will form a blue-green and clear gem. [4]

Gem malachite is the product of secondary weathering and leaching of copper-bearing sulfides in the oxidation zone of the deposit. It is mainly distributed in the oxidation zone of copper deposit in the contact zone between intrusive rock and surrounding rock carbonate rock, and in the warm and humid zone where the surrounding rock of copper sulfide deposit is carbonate rock with abundant rainfall. [5] therefore, gem malachite in China is mainly distributed in the oxidation zone of warm and humid copper deposits in the south of the Yangtze River. For example, the Yangchunshi green malachite deposit in Guangdong Province occurs in the deposit oxidation zone in the contact zone between granodiorite and Paleozoic carbonate rocks. [6] the malachite deposit in Daye, Hubei Province occurs in the deposit oxidation zone of the contact zone between quartz diorite and surrounding rock Permian to Triassic carbonate rocks. [7] [8]

Thousands of miles of rivers and mountains, thousands of years of heritage, 900 years later, the green color is still as bright as ever, this time we unveiled the green veil in the green landscape, then the touch of distant and profound, without losing the bright blue? If you want to know what happens in the future, listen to the next decomposition!

reference

Zhang Yong, Huang Xin. Beautiful and affectionate malachite, flowers and trees bonsai [J]. Bonsai Stone appreciation, 2009, (6): 62-65.

Xu Guoquan, Li Jianfu, Zhang Luqiao. Discussion on the prospecting direction of copper deposits in Inner Mongolia [J]. Geology of Inner Mongolia, 2002, (2): 11-13.

Liu Zhiyong, Zhang Kaicheng, Song Zhongbao, et al. Study on characteristics and genesis of copper deposits in Fenghuo area [J]. Northwest Geology, 2006.39 (4): 24-31.

Ma run, Yang Peng, Zhang Liping, etc. Preliminary analysis on the formation mechanism of two kinds of malachite fossilization in Alashan area of Inner Mongolia [J]. Northwest geology. 2008, (01): 90-96.

[5] Gem mineralogical study of malachite in the oxidation zone of Zhangyu Yanqing Shiqingdong copper deposit

[6] Xu Rideng. Distribution characteristics of elements and their Prospecting significance in Yangchun area, Guangdong Province. Mineral resources and geology. 2017 31 (02). 362-370

[7] Hu Chengcheng. Tonglushan malachite and its technological properties [J]. Chinese precious jade. 200 (93). 36-37.

[8] Shao Xian. Geological characteristics and Genesis of Tonglushan Copper Ore Deposit in Daye City, Hubei Province. The geology of Yunnan. 2021. 40 (02). 163-169.

This article is from the official account of Wechat: stone popular Science Studio (ID:Dr__Stone). Author: Bian Zhou

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