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2025-01-18 Update From: SLTechnology News&Howtos shulou NAV: SLTechnology News&Howtos > IT Information >
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(photo Source: peak visor) in American national parks, there is such a legend:
During World War II, a bomber team crashed on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada due to a winter storm. The government launched a large-scale search and rescue, but found nothing.
A father, Clinton Hearst, whose 24-year-old son was on one of the planes. After the government's search and rescue failed, he packed his bags and went up the mountain every day to search for the body of his beloved son.
Day after day, year after year, fourteen years later, Hearst still had no sign of his son. In 1959, he died of a heart attack with regret.
In July of the following year, a mountain ranger accidentally found the wreckage of the plane in a lake, and Hearst had been only a few kilometers from the lake.
Later, the lake was named Lake Hearst (photo source: beneathhauntedwaters). This story is repeated every time it emphasizes how difficult it is to search and rescue the mountains.
Come to think of it, a 21-meter-long plane has avoided meticulous search for more than a decade, let alone a person. If a climber disappears in the vast mountains, the difficulty of search and rescue is tantamount to looking for a needle in a haystack.
But even so, in the absence of GPS, professionals still rely on simple experience and wisdom to save countless lives in the mountains.
Disappeared mountain rangers in the United States, where outdoor participation is as high as 50%, millions of tourists flock to national parks every year.
The most popular Grand Canyon National Park, with 4.5 million visitors in 2021, was closely followed by Yosemite National Park and Giant Sequoia and King Canyon National Park, with 3.3 million and 1.2 million visitors, respectively.
The crowded Yosemite National Park (photo: National Park Service) is proportional to the number of visitors, the number of search and rescue (Search and Rescue,SAR) accidents.
There are 785 search and rescue cases in the Grand Canyon, 732 in Yosemite and 503 in Giant Sequoia and King Canyon each year. If you add up all the search and rescue cases in national parks, there are more than 4000 cases.
The topography of the national park is complex, with peaks, basins, lakes, fast-flowing rivers and a great temperature difference between day and night.
There are also a variety of accidents that happen to tourists.
The most common cases are accidental sprains of ankles and knees, as well as dehydration and hypotension. Other cases include getting stuck in rock climbing, falling into a river and drowning, being attacked by wild animals, and being alone caused by being separated from your companions.
Number of searches and rescues in major national parks each year (photo source: Pinterest) once a search and rescue request is received, rescue teams need to respond quickly.
The National Park Service has used a rescue strategy for more than half a century and is divided into the following steps:
First, investigation. Find out the route of the missing person and the last place he appeared.
Second, determine the search area. Summon professional rescue workers to delineate the target search area
Third, establish an accident command system. Establish a commander responsible for formulating strategies and mobilizing resources and setting up medical backup support
Fourth, containment and search. Rescue workers, rescue dogs and helicopters were dispatched to conduct a comprehensive search.
Most search and rescue operations are relatively easy, the first few steps are not needed, just call in a helicopter to transport the injured tourists out of the mountains.
A case of disappearance in King's Canyon in 1996 posed a great problem for rescuers because Randy, an experienced mountain ranger, was missing.
Ranger Randy (photo: Radio Silence) Randy Morgenthson is the "son of nature".
He grew up in the valleys of Yosemite, and the mountains were his childhood playground. When he grew up, he became a mountain ranger in Giant Sequoia and King Canyon, serving the national park for twenty-eight summers and more than a dozen winters.
When he was a mountain ranger, he lived in an uninhabited mountain post, and it took him three or four days to tour the mountain.
On the mountain tour, he will pick up the garbage thrown by tourists, deal with the bonfires left by tourists camping, and show lost tourists the way. When he meets injured tourists, he will also give them first aid and contact them for rescue.
54-year-old Randy is also the mountain ranger with the most outdoor experience and survival knowledge. It can be said that no one knows every road, every peak and every lake in this mountain better than him.
Randy is in the mountains (photo: Strange Outdoors) so when Randy disappeared in the summer of 1996, his fellow mountain rangers thought that Randy had just stayed in the mountain for a few more days. The real rescue began on the fourth day after Randy disappeared.
They didn't expect that Randy had disappeared from the world ever since.
Probability math problems in the search and rescue of Randy were beset with difficulties from the very beginning.
Randy, who treats the mountains as a back garden, takes a much more casual hiking route, seldom walks along roads set up for tourists, and often takes mountain trails. He was last seen at an outpost on Lake Bench Lake, which is all the information rescuers know.
The rangers gathered, took the outpost as the starting point, divided the surrounding mountains into sixteen areas and voted.
Banky Lake in King's Canyon (Photo: Backpacking Light)
The search and rescue strategy they use here is called the The Mattson Consensus, a search-and-rescue method proposed by U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Robert Mason in 1976.
Its premise is that the location of the search and rescue target is fixed, and only search the ground, not including underwater, underground, rock burial and so on.
The process is to bring together people who know the terrain and divide the search and rescue into moderate-sized blocks. then each person wrote down the "discovery rate" of each block (the probability of finding Randy in this block) and the "out-of-bounds rate" (the probability that Randy was outside 16 blocks).
Moreover, the value of no block must be zero, and the value of all blocks plus the extra-boundary rate must be 100%.
The whole process is anonymous. This is to give everyone an equal voice and not to let search and rescue be led by a more powerful leader.
The calculation method of "Mason consensus" (photo source: SAR Technology) finally averaged the values written down by mountain rangers and found that the Banchi Lake Basin had the highest "discovery rate" of 26.2%, where the search for Randy began.
Since the 1970s, the "Mason consensus" has been used by rescue workers for many years. In the 1990s, some researchers proposed that there was a certain mathematical deviation in this method.
First of all, when there are too many blocks, searchers are like doing math problems, focusing on how to make the probability equal to 100%, rather than thinking about the possibility of each block.
Second, when rescuers first set the values of certain blocks, they may overestimate or underestimate the probability of the remaining blocks in order to make up for 100% of the probability.
Finally, if the probabilities calculated by the two blocks are not much different, for example, area An is 21%, area B is 19%, it seems that area A should be searched first. However, in a statistical sense, there is no significant difference between the two values and should be regarded as equally important.
A rescuer in Grand Canyon National Park improved the Mason consensus.
He changed the form of the number to be represented by the letter "I". A stands for "very likely in this area", C for "probably in this area", E for "half-half", G for "impossible in this area" and I for "very unlikely in this area".
From then on, rescuers no longer have to do math problems.
The improved "Mason consensus" (photo source: reference [9]) Modern search and rescue technology goes back to Randy. Although hundreds of experienced search and rescue personnel, five helicopters and eight search and rescue dogs were deployed to conduct a carpet search of the King's Canyon, Randy was never found.
After 13 consecutive days of searching, the search and rescue operation was terminated.
Missing person notices are still posted at every pass and outpost in King's Canyon, reminding visitors that if they see Randy or find any sign, they can immediately report to the National Parks Service.
It was not until five years later, in 2001, that a mountain climber who broke away from the conventional trail found some clues.
Under a waterfall, a shabby shirt was found with Randy's mountain ranger badge, his backpack and remains, which was later confirmed by dentistry to be Randy's.
A mountain ranger speculated that Randy may have fallen to his death while crossing the stream.
The National Parks Service's commemoration of Randy (photo source: National Park Service) comes to the 21st century. Search and rescue technology is constantly developing and changing with each passing day.
The way of search and rescue is now more dependent on computers than writing and drawing on paper maps and doing probability math problems.
One computer software commonly used for search and rescue is GIS (Geographic Information Systems, Geographic Information system).
It can help searchers estimate the course of action of missing persons, count the coverage of searched areas, remind which areas have not been searched, and record all data and clues throughout the search and rescue process.
At the same time, the wide application of GPS (Global Positioning system) also provides great convenience for search and rescue.
Common handheld GPS devices range in price from $100 to $600. (photo source: outdoorgearlab) now everyone has a smartphone, which can view maps at any time and can also install GPS location function. The positioning function of GPS is very accurate, sometimes it can be accurate to two or three meters.
More professional outdoor explorers will also bring hand-held GPS devices, such as satellite phones.
Today, about 93% of search and rescue cases can be solved within 24 hours.
If Randy lived in the 21st century, he might be able to get out of the mountains alive. Unfortunately, the fate of the individual is ultimately limited by the progress of the times.
Cover source: Strange Outdoors
Reference:
[1] Eric Brem. The last season of Yamanaka, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press
[2] Caroline Rose. Mapping Technology in Wilderness Search and Rescue,University of Wisconsin-Madison,2015
[3] Heggie, T. W., and M. E. Amundson. 2009. "Dead men walking: search and rescue in US National Parks." Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 20 (3): 244249.
[4] Eric K. Hung, David A. Townes. Search and Rescue in Yosemite National Park: a 10-Year Review Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 18,111116 (2007)
[5] "The Ranger Who Never Returned" 2006. Outside Online.
[6] The disturbing death of Ranger Randy Morgenson in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks-StrangeOutdoors.com
[7] "Kings Canyon Searchers End Hunt For Ranger" 1996. Los Angeles Times.
[8] "Ranger Randy Morgenson's Epitaph In The Sky" 2019. Backpacker.
[9] "CASIE: Articles From" Response "I. 2022. Math.Arizona.Edu.
[10] "Which Strangeoutdoors.Com. National Park Has The Greatest Number Of SAR Incidents?-Questions And Answers-Strangeoutdoors.Com". 2020.
[11] "Which National Park Has The Most Disappearances?" 2022. Trail And Summit.
This article comes from the official Wechat account: take Science Home (ID:steamforkids), written by: Greye, revised by Han Jingjing
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