Shulou(Shulou.com)11/24 Report--

This article comes from the official account of Wechat: ID:fanpu2019, by Wang Shanqin

In December of the second year of Jingde of the Northern Song Dynasty (January 1006 AD), the Northern Song Dynasty signed the famous alliance of Qianyuan with Liao, which opened the peaceful development of about a hundred years later. A few months later, the brightest star suddenly appeared in the night sky. Although it is located in the south, people in many countries in the northern hemisphere still see it. In China, this bright star confused and panicked the government and opposition in the Northern Song Dynasty, which had just been freed from the war, but in the end someone dispelled the panic. Who is this guy? What method did he use to dispel the panic? What is this sudden bright star? Where does it come from and where does it die?

Liao Tong and the eighth day of September in 22 (October 24, 1004 AD), the Empress Dowager Xiao Chuo and the Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu conquered the ten counties of Guannan south of Waqiao, Yijin and Yukou (located near Baiyangdian, Hebei Province). He led 200000 troops to attack the Northern Song Dynasty, almost all the way to the city of Liaozhou on the edge of the Yellow River (now Puyang, Henan). The Kaifeng earthquake in Kyoto in the Northern Song Dynasty is located nearby.

That year was the first year of Jingde in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the insistence of Kou Zun, the famous prime minister, Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, who originally wanted to run away and move his capital, braved his head to drive himself to the city of Luozhou on the front line. Soon after, Xiao Tarin, a Liao army general who underestimated the enemy, was shot on the forehead by a crossbow arrow of the Song Dynasty on the city wall when he was in a reconnaissance position outside the city wall.

The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted, while the morale of the Liao army, which was already a tired veteran, was severely depressed. The Empress Dowager Xiao decided to negotiate peace with the Northern Song Dynasty. In December of the second year of Jingde (January 1006 AD), the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao signed the famous alliance of Qianyuan, which ended the 25-year intermittent war at a relatively small material cost and brought peace for the next hundred years.

However, the Empress Dowager Xiao's personal expedition left a huge psychological shadow on Song Zhengzong and some ministers in the dynasty. In February of the third year of Jingde (March 1006 AD), Song Zhenzong demoted Kou Zhong, who forced him to risk his own expedition, to Shaanzhou.

The panic caused by a strange celestial phenomenon that caused a sensation in the Northern Song Dynasty soon after exposed the weakness of the monarch and minister of Song Zhenzong, so that they had to rely on the explanation of an astronomer and astrologer to quell their fears.

A large star suddenly appeared, according to the manuscript to be compiled by the Song Society, on April 2 (Guiyou) of the third year of Jingde, that is, May 1, 1006 AD, at nightfall, the Qin celestial watchdog in charge of astronomical observation saw a large star, which was yellow in color, to the east of the "Ku Lou" and to the west of the "Qiguan" in the 28-night Guang (d). It gradually brightened over a period of time.

The constellation covers parts of Libra, Serpent, Hero, Virgo, Jackal, Serpent and Centauri in the modern constellation system. It is divided into 11 "star officers", and the "jockey" is one of them, located in the constellation Jackal and Centauri. Kulou is one of the 11 star officers of Sagittarius, located in Centauri.

Photo: the white area in the middle is LUPUS. Surrounded by SCORPIUS (Scorpio), Libra (LIBRA), CENTAURUS (Centauri), HYDRA (Serpent). IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg) also records this star in the Gregorian Calendar. The details are basically the same as above, but it records the time when the star appeared in April Wuyin [4]. Many people think that this day is the second day of April (May 1 of the Gregorian calendar). In fact, Wuyin in April of that year was the seventh day of the lunar month, which was the 6th day of May in the Gregorian calendar. Even if the Gregorian calendar, which was not yet available at that time and was promulgated only in 1582, it would still be the 12th of May [5], which could not be the 1st of May in any way. Therefore, the date given by the Qingli National Council is five days later than that recorded in the Song Dynasty.

The History of the Song Dynasty, which was written in the Yuan Dynasty, also adopted the possibly wrong date of April Wuyin, but gave a more detailed account of the star, saying that it was shaped like a "half moon" and had "awn horns" that could be used to distinguish objects at night; it was also said that it disappeared because of the rotation of the celestial sphere-- of course, because of the revolution of the earth-- but reappeared in November of that year. Since then, they all disappeared in August and appeared in November. Until it was completely out of sight.

According to the current astronomical research, people know that this sudden star is a "supernova". Supernova is a kind of celestial explosion phenomenon that can raise its brightness to about 10 billion times the brightness of the sun in a short period of time, but the brightest brightness of different supernovae is often different, and the difference can be very great, the darkest one is only tens of millions of times the brightness of the sun, and the brightest "supernova" can reach hundreds of billions of times the brightness of the sun.

Modern astronomers call the supernova seen in 1006 "supernova 1006" (SN 1006).

Photo: modern astronomers simulate the sudden appearance of a supernova in 1006. The big white dot in the picture is the star, with Scorpio at the top left. Gilbert A. Esquerdo, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, and SAO although this supernova alarmed the princes and civilians of the Northern Song Dynasty, the people who saw it and recorded it were distributed in many countries.

Japan's "important Story of the Generation" and "Ding" recorded the astronomical doctor Yoshihiro Abe, 955? -1019) report: on March 28 (April 28 of the Gregorian calendar), a "guest star" appeared in the "riding officer" in a white-blue color [7].

The word "guest star" comes from China. The ancient Chinese called the stars that suddenly appeared in the night sky and quickly disappeared as "guest stars" because they were like guests. It can be seen that this record in Japan is three days earlier than that in China.

Japan's Nomiya 23 also recorded this supernova: Hirohiro April 2, 3rd year (May 1 of the Gregorian calendar). After nightfall, a big guest star appeared in the "riding official", like Mars, very bright and shining. It can be seen in the south all night. Some people say that this may be that the "riding general star" has changed and began to brighten [8].

Persian (Iranian) astronomer Ibensina (Ibn Sina,980-1037) also observed this supernova in southern Uzbekistan. According to his records, the star, motionless and tailless, grew darker and darker for nearly three months until it disappeared; it was very bright, flickering, and changed color over time.

Egyptian astrologer and astronomer Ibne Ridwang (Abu'l Hassan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri,988-1061) recorded the supernova: "the magnificent round object is two and a half to three times the size of Venus. Its light shines in the sky, brighter than the moon of the string moon." Ridwan points out that the star hangs low near the southern horizon.

Monks at the monastery of Saint Gall, Switzerland, recorded: "it shrinks, spreads, and hides in a wonderful way."... at the extreme edge of the southern sky, it looks unchanged for three months, brighter than any other constellation visible in the sky. "

It is mentioned here that the supernova lies on the southern horizon. This is because the Jackal constellation and other constellations are very southern because they are near 30 degrees south latitude.

In 2015, Iraqi and German scholars identified in a paper [10] that the Yemeni Arab scholar al-Yamani may also have recorded the supernova. Yamani recorded that on July 15, 396 (April 17 or 18, 1006 of the Gregorian calendar), an hour and a half after sunset, a star appeared in the east, four times the size of Venus (another version: the size of Venus). It's not round, it's closer to an oval. It emits light like fingers, showing turbulent characteristics, and looks like disturbed water. It emits light like sunlight. In the middle of September in the Islamic calendar, its brightness began to decrease [10].

If Yamani's record is true, its date is about 10 days earlier than Japan's, making it the earliest observation of the supernova in the world. However, according to the knowledge of modern astronomy (see below), it is clearly unlikely that it will begin to darken after two months, and the reliability of the observer's visual light and darkness will be affected by the atmosphere.

In addition to these written records, a rock painting on a stone in Arizona, North America, may also depict the sudden supernova, painted by the Hohokam aborigines of North America at the time.

Photo: rock paintings of the indigenous peoples of Hohokan, North America. The solid star-shaped white dot on the right in the image may be a supernova that appeared in 1006 AD, and the scorpion-shaped object on its left represents Scorpio. Photo Source: John Barentine, Apache Point Observatory https://www.space.com/2458-ancient-rock-art-depicts-exploding-star.html A public opinion that caused panic between the government and the public in the Northern Song Dynasty when other officials of Qin Tianjian observed the supernova on the second day of April (May 1 of the Gregorian calendar), Zhou Keming, the chief official of Qin Tianjian, was not in Kaifeng. His colleagues in Kaifeng have not reported to the court for nearly a month since then. The court also kept silent on official occasions.

Why is there such an awkward situation? Because at that time, many people thought that this star was a bad omen. According to the biographies of Zhou Keming in the History of the Song Dynasty, after the star appeared, some people thought it was the "emperor" star, which heralded the coming war [11]. According to the classification in ancient books, the King Star is characterized by "big, yellow and white, with awn angle". "Huangdi Zhan" said that the sight of the King Star meant national unrest, floods, famine and disease, so the emperor hated it [12].

Only a few months after the signing of the League of Chanyuan, there suddenly appeared the King Star, which foreshadowed the war disaster, which made Song Zhenzong, who believed in heaven and man, and the following subjects had varying degrees of fear.

The main purpose of the ancient emperors to set up the Qin Tiantian was to formulate the calendar and to predict good and bad luck according to celestial phenomena. However, at that time, the officials of Qin Tianli who were still in the capital did not dare to "truthfully" explain the celestial phenomenon, so they could only remain silent.

Picture: world Heritage and National first-Class Cultural relics Protection Unit-- Henan Dengfeng Star Observatory. It is the oldest existing observatory in China. Built in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was greatly expanded by Yuan astronomer Guo Shoujing and astronomer and mathematician Wang Meng in 1276 and has been in use for 364 years since 1281. Here, astronomers observe the shadows cast by the sun during the day and the stars at night. Photo Source: Zhou Keming, tak.wing 's "turning evil into good fortune", after nearly a month of suffering, Qin Tianjian officials in the capital finally waited until Zhou Keming returned to Kaifeng.

The origin of Zhou Keming is not simple. According to the History of the Song Dynasty, Zhou Keming's great-grandfather Zhou Defu was Si Nongqing of the Tang Dynasty. His grandfather, Zhou Jie, was a Jinshi in his mature years, proficient in the calendar, discovered the mistakes in the Dayan Calendar and corrected them, and later brought his family to Guangdong because of chaos. After establishing the Southern Han regime in the south, Liu Yingn forced Zhou Jie to take office as an astrologer and fortune teller for the imperial court. Zhou Maoyuan, Zhou Jie's son and father of Zhou Keming, inherited his father's career and served as a warden in the Southern Han Dynasty. After the surrender of the Southern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Maoyuan served as the supervisor of Qin Heaven in the Northern Song Dynasty [13].

Because of his family background, Zhou Keming was proficient in mathematics, calendar, astronomy, the five elements, and predicting good or bad luck. After examinations and interviews, he was awarded Tongjinshi and was appointed as the supervisor of Qin Heavenly Supervision.

Zhou Keming was either on official duty in Guangdong or on his way back to Beijing when the star was observed. According to Zhou Keming's later compositions, on his way back to the capital, he had already heard many people talking about the star and the uneasiness that pervaded the government and the public [14].

With his deep knowledge in astrology literature, Zhou Keming soon came up with the idea of explaining the star to the emperor and dispelling panicked public opinion.

On the first day of May (May 30, 1006, Gregorian calendar), Zhou Keming performed on behalf of Qin Tianjun. In the memoir, he said: according to the Astronomical Records and Jingzhou occupation, I determined that this star is a "uncle Zhou" star. It is yellow and dazzling. The country that sees this star is a very prosperous country. It represents the moral virtue of the country [15].

Zhou Keming described the supernova as yellow instead of yellow and white, thus completing the transformation from "emperor" to "uncle Zhou". But this step is not enough, because according to the earlier astrology book Huangdi Occupy, Zhou Boxing also foreshadowed war, death, famine and exile. Therefore, Zhou Keming did not quote the occupation of the Yellow Emperor, but quoted the Astronomical Records and the occupation of Jingzhou, because the latter two books said that Zhou Boxing represented prosperity and auspiciousness.

In his memoir, Zhou Keming also suggested that the emperor let civil and military officials celebrate the emergence of this star and calm the hearts of people all over the world [16]. After receiving Zhou Keming's explanation, Song Zhenzong was very happy, praised Zhou Keming and approved his proposal [17]. The confusion and panic that had troubled the government and opposition for a month had turned into a festive mood.

In this case, Zhou Keming not only showed his solid skills in astrology, but also showed his tactful ability to deal with public opinion. Through this series of operations and suggestions, he not only completely dispelled the negative public opinion caused by the star, but also made people believe that it was a good omen.

In order to praise Zhou Keming for his professional ability and his ability to explain "turning evil into good fortune", Song Zhenzong gave him a new official position-- "Prince washing Horse" to assist the prince in politics and liberal arts, and "Dianzhong Cheng", which is equivalent to the secretary of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee. He was appointed astronomer of the Academy of Astronomy in the Imperial Academy [18].

The Astronomical Academy of Hanlin Academy and the Chin Heavenly Observatory are independent institutions and verify each other's observations. At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty built four observatories around the capital, the most important of which were the "Yuetai" managed by the Qin Heavenly Supervision and the "waiting station" managed by the Hanlin Astronomical Institute in the Forbidden City. The new post of astronomer of Hanlin Academy of Astronomy made Zhou Keming the first undisputed person in the field of astronomy in the Northern Song Dynasty at that time.

After Zhou Keming's explanation was officially accepted, the Zhou Boxing was also classified as a "Jingxing" representing auspiciousness, which was later described in the "Jingxing" in the History of the Song Dynasty.

Some people think that this supernova is called "Zhou Boxing" because it is "certified" by Zhou Keming, while others think that it is called "Jingxing" because it was discovered during the Jingde period. These are all wrong statements taken for granted.

As early as the Tang Dynasty, the famous astrology book Kaiyuan Zhanjing quoted the definition and description of Zhou Boxing in the Emperor Zhan. Moreover, Zhou Keming could not have been bold enough to name the star after his surname in the playbook for the emperor. As for Jingxing, the "Bamboo Book year" of the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period had this name; since then, Jingxing, as an auspicious star, has been frequently used in history books and astrology books [19].

The mystery of color: is Zhou Keming lying? Zhou Keming's first step in defusing the public opinion crisis was to describe the color of supernova 1006 as yellow. But other records give different colors. For example, the biographies of Zhou Keming in the History of the Song Dynasty said that people thought it was a royal star at first, so it should be yellow and white. Its color is recorded as white and cyan in Japan's "Jiaoji".

So, is Zhou Keming lying? We can say yes or no. Because modern astronomical observations and theories tell us that supernovae will not only produce sharp changes in brightness in a short period of time, but also expand rapidly. As a result, the colors of almost all supernovae change significantly within a few decades to more than a hundred days after their explosion, and supernova 1006 is no exception.

Shortly after the supernova erupts, the temperature on their surface will exceed 10,000 degrees Celsius. With the rapid expansion of supernova material, the temperature of most supernovae will drop to five or six thousand degrees Celsius in a few days. As the supernova temperature drops from more than 10, 000 degrees Celsius to 5, 000 or 6, 000 degrees Celsius, their color changes from blue-white (cyan-white) to yellow-white, and then to yellow. If the temperature continues to drop to three or four thousand degrees Celsius, they will also turn orange-red.

Photo: VLT's FORS shot SN 2005df, a supernova "directly above" NGC 1559, which is the same type of supernova as supernova 1006. ESO https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0527a/ with this modern knowledge, we can analyze the color evolution of this supernova. Apart from the Yemeni records that have yet to be confirmed, Japan is the earliest recorded, when supernova 1006 was still very hot, so it may appear bluish white; three days later, when Chinese astronomical officials observe it, its color will not change significantly; but within a month, it will change to yellow-white, maybe even yellow.

Zhou Keming made a comeback at least a month after supernova 1006 exploded, by which time it may have been yellow. If Zhou Keming says it is always yellow, then Zhou Keming is lying. However, if Zhou Keming says that it is yellow "recently", then he may be truthfully reporting, a little exaggerated at best. Obviously, Zhou Keming acquiesced to the latter mode, because in this mode, the star is easier to explain as a lucky star.

In fact, the colors of celestial bodies and all other glowing objects reflect the temperature of celestial bodies. High-temperature celestial bodies tend to blue-white, low-temperature celestial bodies tend to orange-red or even dark red, and moderate celestial bodies tend to yellow.

It's just that the color changes of most celestial bodies cannot be observed in human life. Supernovae are different. their brightness and radius change rapidly within dozens of days after the explosion, resulting in significant changes in temperature and color.

Photo: the Great Winter Triangle and Orion captured by ground-based telescopes. The orange-red star is Betelgeuse, with a temperature of about 3600 K, or about 3330 degrees Celsius, so it is orange-red. The lowermost giant blue-and-white star is Sirius, with a temperature of about 9940 K, or about 9670 degrees Celsius, so it appears blue-white. In 1965, astronomers used radio telescopes to discover the existence of a shell-shaped object in the radio source near the β star Jackal, which was finally identified as a relic formed after the explosion of supernova 1006. According to analysis and calculation, its distance from the earth is about 7200 light-years (1 light-year is about 9.5 trillion kilometers). The following image shows a multi-band composite of the remnants of supernova 1006 from data from multiple telescopes. Continuous observations show that it continues to expand at a high speed.

Image: multi-band composite images of 1006 supernova remnants taken by multiple telescopes. The supernova remnant in the picture is about 60 light-years across. Among them, red represents radio images; yellow, orange and light blue represent optical images taken by different telescopes; and cyan represents X-ray images. Represents visible light images taken by other optical telescopes. ? source: NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI). Https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0822b/ now, astronomers have determined that supernova 1006 is an Ia type supernova. There are two modes of generation of Ia supernovae: (1) in the binary system, the white dwarf devours the matter of the companion star, which is about 1.4 times the mass of the sun, and explodes; (2) in the binary system, two white dwarfs merge to produce an explosion.

If it is the former, the white dwarf will survive the explosion of its companion star. In 2012, astronomers tried to search for the companion of the supernova, but could not find it [20]. This means that the supernova is likely to be formed by the explosion of two white dwarfs.

Picture: an artistic imagination of two white dwarfs forming a double white dwarf system. ? map source: ESO / L. Cal ç ada https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1505a/ if these studies are reliable, we can describe the sequence of events below.

About a few to more than 10 billion years ago, two stars larger than the sun in the Milky way formed a binary system that revolved around a common center ("center of mass"). Over hundreds of millions to billions of years, they expand and throw out the outer layer, while the remaining inner cores evolve into white dwarfs with densities hundreds of thousands of times or more than those of water. Since then, the white dwarfs continue to revolve around the center of mass and continue to get closer to each other because of the continuous loss of gravitational waves.

Image: the Dumbbell Nebula (M27), captured by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) very large Telescope (VLT), evolved from a medium-mass star. The outer layer of gas from this star forms this beautiful "planetary nebula". The core leaves behind a white dwarf star with a mass of about 0.56 times the mass of the sun, but its radius is only 118 times that of the sun. Photo Source: ESO has gone through hundreds of millions to billions of years. About 8200 years ago, this pair of white dwarfs, which were getting closer to each other, finally collided and exploded violently. After about ten days, its brightness increased sharply, reaching about 10 billion times the brightness of the sun at its brightest. Then its brightness began to decrease. More than ten days is a typical time for the brightness of an Ia supernova to rise, which is why it is unlikely to continue to brighten for two months.

Its light travels through the Milky way at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second for about 7, 200 years, a small part of which finally reached Earth in the spring of 1006 AD, was recorded, and was later named "Supernova 1006".

Despite being so far away, supernova 1006 became the brightest star in the night sky at that time, which was seen by astronomers in many countries and caused panic in the Northern Song Dynasty-the emperor was silent and the minister burst into tears. Zhou Keming, a supervisor of Qin Heavenly Supervision in the Northern Song Dynasty, interpreted it as a lucky star and defused the crisis of public opinion.

Of course, when we tell this story, we are not advocating the tactful methods of Zhou Keming, nor are we supporting astrology. As the text says, for the golden Zhou Boxing, different astrological books give the opposite explanation; as for the royal stars, their colors are not uniquely determined: some astrological books say they are yellow and white, others say they are red. It can be seen that astrology has no scientific basis.

We just use this story about people to tell the story of the stars.

Photo: Hubble's third-generation wide-field camera (WFC3) takes ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared images of the core regions of the globular Centauri omega cluster. There are about 100000 stars in this core region. ? source: NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team https://esahubble.org/images/heic0910g/ Notes

[1] in the Gregorian calendar at that time, there was a brief calendar. Except for special mention, the Gregorian calendar in this article is all Julian calendar. The Julian calendar is different from the Gregorian calendar we use now. The Julian calendar averages 365.25 days a year, while the real return year is 365.2422 days, which can lead to differences over time. Gregory was promulgated in 1582 to correct the problems of the Julian calendar. If we use the Gregorian calendar backwards to AD 1006, its date is six days longer than that of the Julian Gregorian calendar. Now it is 13 more days.

[2] Song Zhenzong himself is not a famous emperor, but four famous lines in one of his poems are extremely famous: "there are thousands of millet in the book", "there are golden houses in the book", "there are as many chariots and horses in the book as clusters", and "there are Yan Ruyu in the book".

[3] original text: "Song Zhenzong Jingde three years on May 1, Qin Tian supervisor said: first April, the second night shift, see a big star, yellow, out of the storehouse east, Qiguan west, gradually bright, tested in the third degree." (according to Volume 52 of "Song Hui to compile manuscripts")

[4] the original text: "in the third year of Jingde, in May, Renyin Shuo, the warden of Heaven, played: in April Wuyin first saw a big star, the color was yellow, out of the storehouse east, riding official west, gradually bright." ("Qingli National people's Congress")

[5] the conversion between lunar calendar and Gregorian calendar (including Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar) can be used on this website: https://ctext.org/. For the transformation of the four months of the lunar calendar in Jingde, see: https://ctext.org/ date.pl?if=gb&entityid=997417&year=3&month=4&day=15

[6] the original text: "in the third year of Jingde, in April Wuyin, Zhou Boxing saw that he was once in the west of Qiangnan, shaped like a half-moon, with awn horn, and the magnificent things could be identified in the east of the storehouse. August, with the celestial wheel into the turbid. In November, I will see you again. Since it is common to see the east in November, the southwest enters turbid in August." (history of the Song Dynasty Volume 56, Zhi Ninth, Jingxing)

[7] original text: "Kuanhong March 28, Wuzi, guest star riding, white and blue, played by Dr. Abe Jichang." Note that March 28 of the third year of Kuanhong should be Geng noon, not Wuzi. The original record is incorrect.

[8] the original text: "Kuanhong, April 2, 2003, when night fell, there were big guest stars among the jockeys, such as the sense of light, the light shining, seeing the south all night, or clouds, and the generals on horseback became glorious."

[9] some reports and materials record the location as Iran. But later textual research suggests that the site is in Uzbekistan.

[10] Rada, W. & Neuh ä user, R. Supernova SN 1006 in two historic Yemeni reports. Astronomische Nachrichten, 336,3249 (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AN....336..249R/abstract)

[11] original text: "(Jingde) for three years, a big star appeared in the west, but the public could not tell it; or the king and demon star was a sign of evil." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[12] the country is changeable, and if there is a hunger for water, people will be evil, and there will be many diseases. "

[13] original text: "Zhou Keming, Zhaowen, Zeng Zu Defu, Tang Simong Qing." Zu Jie, Kaicheng Jinshi, Jiawei, Jiawei, Lihong Art Museum. In the middle of neutralization, Li Zong was in Shu, and Jie wrote more than ten thousand words to deal with chaos. Promote Wailang, a member of the Ministry of Water, and move to Si Nong Shaoqing three times. Jie is good at calendar calculation, and there is a difference in the number of "Da Yan Calendar". Because of his perfunctory method, he wrote 24 articles of "Polar derivative" in order to study the number of heaven and earth. At that time, the world was in chaos, and Jie was occupied by astronomy, but Lingnan could avoid the land, so he sent his brother to join the army as a clerk in Fengzhou. Jie Tian Fuzhong also abandoned the official family Nan Shi Ling watch. Liu Yinsu heard his name and waited for astronomical catastrophes every time. Jie from his old age, taste the name of China and Korea, shame to star history blasphemy, but Xie illness can not come out. He attacked the position, forced it, and made it known to Supervisor Si Tian, because he asked about the country's weakness. Jie Sheng Maoyuan, also a generation of his learning, things to Si Tian Shao Guan, returned to the Song Dynasty and died, that is, the father of Ke Ming. " (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[14] the original text: "my minister was puzzled by people at home and abroad." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[15] the original text: "according to the Astronomical Records and the occupation of Jingzhou, the star name is' Uncle Zhou'. Its color is yellow, its brilliance is brilliant, and the country it sees is great prosperity, which is a German star." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[16] the original text: "May Xu Wenwu celebrate to calm the hearts of the world." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[17] the original text: "Shangjia is invited from it." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[18] the original text: "worship Prince Xima, Dianzhong Cheng, both concurrently Hanlin astronomy, and have the right to judge supervisors." (history of the Song Dynasty, Volume 461, Fang Tech, Zhou Keming)

[19] the Book of Heavenly officials in Historical Records written by Han Sima Qian: "Jingxing is a man of virtue. Its condition is impermanent, often out of the country of youdao." "Kaiyuan Zhanjing" quoted Song Jun as saying: "Jingxing is big and hollow." Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty explained: "Jing, Da Ye, Ming Ye."

Gonz á lez Hern á ndez, J. I., et al. No surviving evolved companions of the progenitor of SN 1006. 2012, Nature, Volume 489, Issue 7417, 533

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