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This article will explain in detail which logic elements are used in the current computer, generally known as the fourth generation computer. The editor thinks it is very practical, so I will share it for you as a reference. I hope you can get something after reading this article.

The logic elements used in the fourth generation computers are large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) and very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). The fourth generation of electronic computers take large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits as the basic electronic components; another important branch of the fourth-generation computers is the microprocessors and microcomputers developed on the basis of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.

The operating environment of this tutorial: windows7 system, Dell G3 computer.

Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits appeared in 1967 and 1977 respectively. The computer which uses large scale integrated circuit (LSI) and very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) as the main electronic devices is called the fourth generation electronic computer. The 80386 microprocessor, for example, can integrate about 320000 transistors on a single chip with an area of about 10mm X l0mm.

Another important branch of the fourth generation computer is microprocessors and microcomputers developed on the basis of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.

Due to the development of integration technology, semiconductor chips are more integrated, each chip can hold tens of thousands or even millions of transistors, and the calculator and controller can be concentrated on one chip, resulting in the emergence of microprocessors, and can be assembled into microcomputers with microprocessors and large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, which is what we often call microcomputers or PCs. The microcomputer is small, cheap and easy to use, but its function and computing speed have reached or even exceeded that of the mainframe computer in the past. On the other hand, a variety of logic chips made from large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been made into giant computers that are not very large, but can operate at a speed of up to 100 million or even billions of times. Following the development of the Galaxy Ⅰ supercomputer, which has 100 million operations per second in 1983, the Galaxy Ⅱ general parallel supercomputer was developed in 1993. This period also produced a new generation of programming languages, database management systems and network software.

With the change of physical elements and devices, not only the host computer has undergone upgrading, but also its external equipment is constantly changing. For example, the external memory has developed from the initial cathode ray display tube to the magnetic core and drum, and then to a general-purpose disk, and now there is a smaller, larger and faster CD-ROM.

Four stages

The first stage is from 1971 to 1973, with 4004, 4040 and 8008 microprocessors. In 1971, Intel Company developed the MCS4 microcomputer (CPU is 4040, four-bit computer). Later, the MCS- 8 with 8008 as the core was introduced.

The second stage is from 1973 to 1977, the stage of development and improvement of microcomputer. There are 8080, 8085, M6800 and Z80 microprocessors. The initial products are Intel's MCS-80 (CPU is 8080, 8-bit computer). In the later stage, there are TRS- 80 (CPU Z80) and APPLE- II (CPU 6502), which once swept the world in the early 1980s.

The third stage is from 1978 to 1983, the development stage of 16-bit microcomputer, there are 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, M68000, Z8000 microprocessors. The representative product of microcomputer is IBM-PC (CPU is 8086). The peak products of this phase are Macintosh (1984) of APPLE and PC/AT286 (1986) of IBM.

The fourth stage is the development stage of 32-bit microcomputer since 1983. Microprocessors have been launched 80386, 80486. 386 and 486 microcomputers are early products. In 1993, Intel launched the Pentium or P5 microprocessor, which has 64-bit internal data channels. Pentium III (also known as P7) microprocessors have become mainstream products, and Pentium IV has been launched in October 2000.

Thus it can be seen that the performance of a microcomputer mainly depends on the performance of its core device-microprocessor (CPU).

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