Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

This article mainly introduces which logic elements are commonly used in microcomputers, which are very detailed and have certain reference value. Friends who are interested must finish reading them.

At present, the logic elements commonly used in microcomputers are "large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits". According to the logic devices used in the manufacture of electronic computers, it is divided into four generations, of which the fourth generation of computers (from 1971 to the present) is large-scale integrated circuit computers, and the logic components are large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI).

According to the logic devices used in the manufacture of electronic computers, they are divided into the following four generations:

The first generation of computers (1946-1958) were tube computers.

In terms of hardware, the logic element uses vacuum tube, the main memory uses mercury delay line, cathode ray oscilloscope tube electrostatic memory, magnetic drum, magnetic core, and the external memory uses magnetic tape. Machine language and assembly language are used in software. The main application fields are military and scientific computing.

The disadvantages are large size, high power consumption and poor reliability. Slow (usually thousands to tens of thousands of times per second) and expensive, but laid the foundation for future computer development.

The second generation computer (1958-1964) is a transistor computer.

Transistor computer mainframe uses transistors and other semiconductor devices, magnetic drum and disk as auxiliary memory, using algorithm language (high-level language) programming, and began to appear the operating system. Due to the use of transistors instead of tubes, it is very light, and the operation speed is relatively fast, reaching hundreds of thousands of times per second. The basic logic components of transistor computers are changed from electronic tubes to transistors (Transistor). A large number of magnetic cores made of magnetic materials are used in internal memory and magnetic disks are used in external memory.

At the same time, computer software technology has made great progress, and the concept of operating system has been put forward. In addition to assembly language, programming language has also developed Ada, FORTRAN, COBOL and other high-level programming languages, which greatly improves the work efficiency of the computer.

The application fields of operating systems, high-level languages and their compilers in software are mainly scientific computing and transaction processing, and begin to enter the field of industrial control. It is characterized by reduced size, reduced energy consumption, improved reliability, improved operation speed (generally 100000 times per second, up to 3 million times), and the performance is much higher than that of the first generation computer.

The third generation of computers (1965-1970) are integrated circuit computers.

In terms of hardware, the logic components use small and medium-scale integrated circuits (MSI, SSI), and the main memory still uses magnetic cores. In the aspect of software, there are time-sharing operating system and structured and large-scale programming methods. It is characterized by faster speed (usually millions to tens of millions of times per second), significant improvement in reliability, further decline in prices, and products moving towards generalization, serialization and standardization. The field of application begins to enter the field of word processing and graphics and image processing.

The fourth generation of computers (from 1971 to the present) are large-scale integrated circuit computers.

In terms of hardware, the logic components use large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI). In the aspect of software, there are database management system, network management system and object-oriented language. In 1971, the world's first microprocessor was born in Silicon Valley in the United States, ushering in a new era of microcomputers. The application field is gradually moving from scientific computing, transaction management and process control to the family.

Due to the development of integration technology, semiconductor chips are more integrated, each chip can hold tens of thousands or even millions of transistors, and the calculator and controller can be concentrated on one chip, resulting in the emergence of microprocessors, and can be assembled into microcomputers with microprocessors and large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, which is what we often call microcomputers or PCs. The microcomputer is small, cheap and easy to use, but its function and computing speed have reached or even exceeded that of the mainframe computer in the past. On the other hand, a variety of logic chips made from large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been made into giant computers that are not very large, but can operate at a speed of up to 100 million or even billions of times. Following the development of the Galaxy Ⅰ supercomputer, which has 100 million operations per second in 1983, the Galaxy Ⅱ general parallel supercomputer was developed in 1993. This period also produced a new generation of programming languages, database management systems and network software.

The above is all the contents of the article "what are the logic components used in commonly used microcomputers?" Thank you for your reading! Hope to share the content to help you, more related knowledge, welcome to follow the industry information channel!

Welcome to subscribe "Shulou Technology Information " to get latest news, interesting things and hot topics in the IT industry, and controls the hottest and latest Internet news, technology news and IT industry trends.