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This article mainly introduces "how to learn Linux". In daily operation, I believe many people have doubts about how to learn Linux well. The editor consulted all kinds of materials and sorted out simple and easy-to-use operation methods. I hope it will be helpful for you to answer the doubts about "how to learn Linux well". Next, please follow the editor to study!

1. File system

Unlike many other systems that set up a file tree for each disk, Linux's file system is a large tree structure. At the top you have / (root) and every folder, and every drive branch under the root directory.

For example, suppose you have two hard drives, (named an and b), a floppy drive, and an optical drive. The first hard drive has two partitions (named A1 and A2). Under windows, it would look like this:

+ hard disk a, partition 1 (hda1): disk C

+ hda2: d disk

+ hdb1: e disk

+ floppy drive: disk A

+ Optical drive: F disk

In Linux, you will have one file system instead of the five in windows above. Each disk is loaded on a tree structure like a folder. All the plates will look like this:

+ hda1: / (our Root)

+ hda2: / home

+ hdb1: / home/user/music

+ floppy drive: / mnt/floppy

+ Optical drive: / mnt/cdrom

Our D and E drives are with C disks, and we don't need to go back to the top to replace them. We just need to move from one folder to another. The same applies to our floppy and optical drives: they are loaded in the / mnt directory as part of a file system. These disks, the actual fresh Qiang negative top staff suffering from glaze Linux system anywhere, this depends on the installation program or the user's settings for the / etc/fstab file. This file tells the computer where to load and what to do with them.

two。 Modular system

Think about the internal structure of Windows XP,Win2000,Win98,Win95 and Apple OS X. Each has a different composition and a different graphical interface. If you want the file manager in Media Player,win98 in XP, the stability of Win2000 and the beautiful interface of OS X are in the same system? In Linux, every aspect of the system is independent, so you can mix and match parts to build your own Frankenstein system. You can choose your firewall, your multimedia player, and your file manager from many software.

Unlike Microsoft's "tower" system, every aspect of the system is interconnected and independent, which makes the Linux system like a market: everything works together for the common good, but (independent parts of the system) can be excluded, and the system will still play a role. No multimedia player and file manager? Take it! Your system will not collapse like a broken tower.

There are so many reasons for this modularization of Linux distributions; any individual or company can mix and match the programs they find most useful and give the collection a name. RedHat, Xandros, SimplyMEPIS and Suse are just a few examples of distributions.

Some slackers use the settings provided by some large distributions, but change the programs. This is the way of linux, the way of mixing and matching gives users more long-term choices. DistroWatch.com currently lists more than 350 Linux distributions. Most of the expressions in the list are designed to serve a specific group of people, but can be adjusted to use the same program.

Programs are interchangeable, and graphical user interfaces (GUI) are no exception. GUI gives you the look and feel of a modern system through the mouse, program icons and menus. Any Linux operating system (which has to run on a real computer, not a phone) can run one of many different GUI, just as it can run many different web browsers or email client programs.

Hope your system looks like Windows? Use FVWM with a XP theme. Want to hurry up? Try IceWM. Want more features? Try GNOME or KDE. All these GUI have their own advantages and disadvantages, but they all provide an interface that can be adjusted with the mouse. Although this may make the screen of each Linux different, what all GUI does for you in the background is the same; it's usually not difficult to observe.

3. Hardware, software and everything in between

Linux has made great progress in its several years of existence. Its history is less than half that of Microsoft's Windows, but it is more powerful, more stable, less resource-intensive and, in the interface, equivalent (if not more) to the expensive, buggy Redmond system.

What Linux does not have yet is the support of the manufacturer. For example, if you really like QuickBooks, you can't run it directly on Linux. There are some projects that allow Windows programs to run on Linux, such as CrossOver Office and Wine, but they don't always work, which is related to Windows programs. Until software vendors decide to graft their programs onto the Linux platform, you can't run them directly

But this is not to say that everything is gone. Open source software provides Linux with about 15000 programs that can be run directly. One of these programs is usually free, and their quality is uneven, but most programs are well written and improve from time to time. These programs can also import or export non-local file types. GNUCash can read Quickbooks files, OpenOffice.org can read MSWord * .doc files. If you don't like GNUCash, don't despair. Many similar programs are available for free, and more and more software companies are releasing Linux versions of their software.

The same is true for hardware. Just as you can't expect every piece of hardware on the counter to be used on a Mac, neither can Linux. Most standard hardware works perfectly. Hard drives, memory, flash drives, motherboards, NIC and digital cameras are usually fine in Linux. Newer, cutting-edge hardware is different. Unless the hardware manufacturer chooses to support Linux, the enabling programs used to run the hardware must be written by the Linux community and take up the spare time of community members.

In short, because hardware manufacturers usually work directly with Microsoft to ensure compatibility, and let Linux volunteers solve Linux hardware support problems by themselves, the support for Linux will inevitably lag behind Windows. Notebooks should be notorious for their non-standard hardware, even setting special keys in Linux may be a challenge. The good news is that like software, as more and more vendors see their future in Linux, hardware support for Linux is improving.

Everything between software and hardware in a Linux computer is the kernel. The kernel connects hardware and software, and the latest kernel is available on the network every few weeks. The latest one is 2.6.14. If your hardware is not currently supported, it is likely that an updated kernel can help you. It is usually not easy to install your own kernel. At this point, however, the package manager can help.

4. Package Manager-make it easier for programs to install

There are many ways to install programs in Linux, but the easiest is to use your distribution's package manager (PM). PM ensures that all missing files (called dependent packages) are also installed to make the program run correctly. Choose a distribution that usually comes with your favorite PM, but any Linux software can be installed on a different distribution as long as you can find the relevant package

These PM usually have online sources of their programs. Installing an application can be as simple as searching the source and clicking install. Can't find IceWM or Mplayer in your package manager list? There is always a way to add a new source that contains the software you need. Some examples of software package managers are: Synaptic (synaptic, based on dpkg and apt) for Debian (and its derivative versions); YaST of Yum SuSE (and its derivative versions) of RedHat (and its derivative versions); and Emerge of Gentoo

5. Authority

Linux is for multiple users, and these users are divided into groups. Each user has the right to read, write or run (R/W/X) its own files and to change these permissions. Because Linux is designed for a multi-user environment, each user has his own password to restrict access to his or her files. These are user permissions.

Each user belongs to one or more groups, and one user can set your file / folder permissions so that other members of the group can read but not write to these files, or any other combination of R/W/X. These are group permissions. For example, Joe and Susan are both in Accounting. They can allow Accounting group access to each other's files, but they may not be able to access Sales group files.

Other permissions are to allow or deny access to these files by anyone outside the group. These permissions are set for the security of the whole system, but also for the security of each user data.

Most home users can retain the default permissions.

The root user (not to be confused with the file system / root directory), like the administrator, has the right to handle all files and is the only user who can change the system settings. The root user has his own password, which is used for system maintenance. This difference prevents ordinary users from installing harmful spyware on the system.

Or delete important files

6. Main directory

Windows has my documents, but where do you put those files that are not documents? It's usually on the desktop! Linux can also mess up desktops, but each user also has a home directory, usually located at / home/user. In the main directory you usually have documentation (/ home/user/documents), program links, music (/ home/user/Music), or anything we want. We can create files and folders here and put them in an organized or random way, just like our own home. Given our permission settings, we can allow or deny any other user (except root) access to these files.

7. Default installation difference

There are some differences between different Linux distributions, such as where some files are placed, or how some default programs are named. Knowing that there may be some differences in file systems between RedHat and SuSE is a good start. Most users do not need to know these differences, but they must be aware that there may be some differences in the internal file system, and let others know what release you are running when asking for help. If you have no problem in your system or don't want to set up background running, don't worry about it.

8. Command line interface (CLI) or "how to run"

From the start menu, the xterm program (also known as the console) takes you to a terminal that looks like a DOS window, but it is earlier and more powerful than DOS. This is the command line interface (CLI), the origin of our favorite system, found in every Linux distribution. We won't go too deep, there will be several books to be written. But CLI is usually a powerful tool for solving your computer problems. If you ask for help on the Internet, someone asks you to run lspci. They want you to open xterm, type lspci, press enter, and then provide a reflection on the screen.

When you open a xterm, you are usually a restricted ordinary user. To enter root mode in xterm (see permissions above), type su enter, then enter the root password and enter. Now you have a lot of rights, so be careful. The root user can destroy anyone's data, including the system files needed to run Linux. To exit a xterm or su mode, type exit enter.

9.Ctrl-alt-escape

Clicking the Ctrl-alt-escape key will turn your mouse into an X, skull, or other unlucky mouse arrow. In this mode, click on a problematic or frozen application to kill it. This is similar to the termination process of the Windows task manager, but use it with caution. If you don't want to kill any programs, click the ESC key to exit kill mode. Clicking on the wrong program (including desktop GUI) can cause a lot of trouble.

10. The Internet is your friend.

Many distributions have a user forum with questions, answers and tips. LinuxQuestions.org is a great site for comprehensive knowledge and help. Remember, before you post, search LQ and Google for your question to avoid asking a question that has already been solved. At the same time, check the timing of the answers you've searched for, and the old answers may no longer apply in the fast-growing world of open source software. When asking questions, provide as much effective information about your system as possible, such as

* Type of processor

* your distribution (SuSE?Debian?)

* defective software, and

* any other relevant information

Keep an open mind

At this point, the study of "how to learn Linux well" is over. I hope to be able to solve your doubts. The collocation of theory and practice can better help you learn, go and try it! If you want to continue to learn more related knowledge, please continue to follow the website, the editor will continue to work hard to bring you more practical articles!

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