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Data format

DICOM groups the information into data sets, which means that the file of the chest X-ray image actually contains the patient ID in the file, so the image is never mistakenly separated from that information. Similarly, image formats such as JPEG can be used in embedded tags.

The DICOM data object consists of a number of attributes, including name, ID, and so on, as well as a special attribute that contains image pixel data. A single DICOM object can contain only one attribute that contains pixel data. For many modes, this corresponds to a single image; however, this attribute can contain multiple "frames", and another example is NM data, where a NM image is, by definition, a multi-dimensional, multi-frame image. In these cases, 3D or 4D data can be encapsulated in a single DICOM object. Pixel data can be compressed using a variety of standards, including JPEG, lossless JPEG,JPEG 2000, and run-length coding (RLE).

DICOM uses three different data element encoding schemes. Explicit value representation (VR) data elements, for VR (non-OB,OW,OF,SQ,UT,UN), each data element is in the format: GROUP (2 bytes) ELEMENT (2 bytes) VR (2 bytes) LengthInByte (2 bytes) data (variable length).

All applications use the same basic format, including network and file usage, but when writing to a file, you usually add a "header" (containing copies of several key properties and details of the application that wrote it).

Image display

In order to provide the same grayscale image display on different monitors and to obtain consistent hard-copy images from various printers, the DICOM committee developed a lookup table to display digitally assigned pixel values. To use DICOM (DICOM grayscale standard display function), you must view the image on the device that has this lookup curve or on the device that has been calibrated to the GSDF curve.

Value representation

Reference http://dicom.nema.org/medical/dicom/current/output/chtml/part05/sect_6.2.html#table_6.2-1

In addition to the value representation, each attribute has value multiplicity to indicate the number of data elements contained in the attribute. For string value representations, if multiple data elements are being encoded, consecutive data elements are separated by the backslash character "\".

What standards are used by DICOM

The DICOM standard uses several other sophisticated standards:

DICOM uses multiple layers of the OSI network model, which uses TCP / IP and HTTP as the transport mechanism, while JPEG and MPEG are identified as content types. It also has its own standard MIME type.

DICOM includes a wide range of network protocols (for example, LDAP,DHCP,NTP,SAML, etc.) for infrastructure management and security. DICOM describes the use of these standards in biomedical imaging environments.

SNOMED CT is the preferred coding system for anatomy, clinical discovery, procedures, drugs / biological products (including contrast agents) and other clinical terms in DICOM.

LOINC is another external vocabulary referenced by DICOM; the LOINC term is widely used in value sets and structured report templates.

BI-RADS terminology and report templates are used for breast imaging in DICOM structured reports.

Those standards use Dicom

The DICOM standard is included in various imaging-related IHE integration profiles, as well as in imaging-related HL7 FHIR resources. ISO12052:2017 and CEN 12052 are both normative references for DICOM standards.

How DICOM relates to other SDO

DICOM has established relationships with several other standard-setting organizations (SDO):

IHE-DICOM has a strong relationship with IHE (Integrated Healthcare Enterprise Plan), where standard profiles are defined as healthcare workflows and enterprise integrated solutions.

The HL7-DICOM / HL7 joint working group has been in place for many years, contributing to the development of HL7 standards, proposing extensions to DICOM and HL7 standards as appropriate, and developing information links between DICOM and HL7 standards.

SNOMED- DICOM and SNOMED have signed a license agreement to allow the use of a subset of SNOMED-CT for free, either in DICOM or globally by implementers and users of DICOM-compatible products, without restrictions from SNOMED member countries.

The ISO-DICOM Standards Committee and ISO's TC 215 have an active type A (what is this? ) contact. The technical committee decided not to create an imaging working group, but to rely on the DICOM biomedical imaging standard.

IEC-DICOM has type B contact with IEC's SC 62B (diagnostic imaging equipment) and SC 62C (radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation dosimetry equipment).

JIRA-the Japan Medical Imaging and radiation Systems Industry Association is a long-time member of the DICOM Standards Committee.

JIC-DICOM is a member of the Global Health Information Standardization Joint Initiative Committee, which aims to achieve common and timely health information standards by addressing and addressing gaps, overlap and counterproductive standardization efforts.

to be continued!

Reference: https://www.dicomstandard.org/

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