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25. Df command examples

Displays the file system disk space usage. By default df-k displays output in bytes.

$df-kFilesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 29530400 3233104 24797232 12% / / dev/sda2 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% / home

Df-h displays output in human readable form. I.e size will be displayed in GB's.

Ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df-hFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 29G 3.1G 24G 12% / / dev/sda2 115G 48G 62G 44% / home

Use-T option to display what type of file system.

Ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df-TFilesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 ext4 29530400 3233120 24797216 12% / / dev/sda2 ext4 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% / home26. Kill command examples

Use kill command to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps-ef command, then use kill-9 to kill the running Linux process as shown below. You can also use killall, pkill, xkill to terminate a unix process.

$ps-ef | grep vimramesh 7243 7222 9 22:43 pts/2 00:00:00 vim$ kill-9 7243

More kill examples:4 Ways to Kill a Process-kill, killall, pkill, xkill

twenty-seven。 Rm command examples

Get confirmation before removing the file.

$rm-I filename.txt

It is very useful while giving shell metacharacters in the file name argument.

Print the filename and get confirmation before removing the file.

$rm-I file*

Following example recursively removes all files and directories under the example directory. This also removes the example directory itself.

$rm-r example28. Cp command examples

Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp.

$cp-p file1 file2

Copy file1 to file2. If file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.

$cp-I file1 file229. Mv command examples

Rename file1 to file2. If file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.

$mv-I file1 file2

Note: mv-f is just the opposite, which will overwrite file2 without prompting.

Mv-v will print what is happening during file rename, which is useful while specifying shell metacharacters in the file name argument.

$mv-v file1 file230. Cat command examples

You can view multiple files at the same time. Following example prints the content of file1 followed by file2 to stdout.

$cat file1 file2

While displaying the file, following cat-n command will prepend the line number to each line of the output.

Cat-n / etc/logrotate.conf 1 / var/log/btmp {2 missingok 3 monthly 4 create 0660 root utmp 5 rotate 1 6} 31. Mount command examples

To mount a file system, you should first create a directory and mount it as shown below.

# mkdir / u01# mount / dev/sdb1 / u01

You can also add this to the fstab for automatic mounting. I.e Anytime system is restarted, the filesystem will be mounted.

/ dev/sdb1 / u01 ext2 defaults 0 232. Chmod command examples

Chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.

Give full access to user and group (i.e read, write and execute) on a specific file.

$chmod ug+rwx file.txt

Revoke all access for the group (i.e read, write and execute) on a specific file.

$chmod g-rwx file.txt

Apply the file permissions recursively to all the files in the sub-directories.

$chmod-R ug+rwx file.txt

More chmod examples:7 Chmod Command Examples for Beginners

thirty-three。 Chown command examples

Chown command is used to change the owner and group of a file. \

To change owner to oracle and group to db on a file. I.e Change both owner and group at the same time.

$chown oracle:dba dbora.sh

Use-R to change the ownership recursively.

$chown-R oracle:dba / home/oracle34. Passwd command examples

Change your password from command line using passwd. This will prompt for the old password followed by the new password.

$passwd

Super user can use passwd command to reset others password. This will not prompt for current password of the user.

# passwd USERNAME

Remove password for a specific user. Root user can disable password for a specific user. Once the password is disabled, the user can login without entering the password.

# passwd-d USERNAME35. Mkdir command examples

Following example creates a directory called temp under your home directory.

$mkdir ~ / temp

Create nested directories using one mkdir command. If any of these directories exist already, it will not display any error. If any of these directories doesn't exist, it will create them.

$mkdir-p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/36. Ifconfig command examples

Use ifconfig command to view or configure a network interface on the Linux system.

View all the interfaces along with status.

$ifconfig-a

Start or stop a specific interface using up and down command as shown below.

$ifconfig eth0 up$ ifconfig eth0 down

More ifconfig examples:Ifconfig: 7 Examples To Configure Network Interface

thirty-seven。 Uname command examples

Uname command displays important information about the system such as-Kernel name, Host name, Kernel release number

Processor type, etc.

Sample uname output from a Ubuntu laptop is shown below.

$uname-aLinux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic # 41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux38. Whereis command examples

When you want to find out where a specific Unix command exists (for example, where does ls command exists), you can execute the following command.

$whereis lsls: / bin/ls / usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz / usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz

When you want to search an executable from a path other than the whereis default path, you can use-B option and give path as argument to it. This searches for the executable lsmk in the / tmp directory, and displays it, if it is available.

$whereis-u-B / tmp-f lsmklsmk: / tmp/lsmk39. Whatis command examples

Whatis command displays a single line description about a command.

$whatis lsls (1)-list directory contents$ whatis ifconfigifconfig (8)-configure a network interface40. Locate command examples

Using locate command you can quickly search for the location of a specific file (or group of files). Locate command uses the database created by updatedb.

The example below shows all files in the system that contains the word crontab in it.

$locate crontab/etc/anacrontab/etc/crontab/usr/bin/crontab/usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz/usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim41. Man command examples

Display the man page of a specific command.

$man crontab

When a man page for a command is located under more than one section, you can view the man page for that command from a specific section as shown below.

$man SECTION-NUMBER commandname

Following 8 sections are available in the man page.

General commands

System calls

C library functions

Special files (usually devices, those found in / dev) and drivers

File formats and conventions

Games and screensavers

Miscellaneous

System administration commands and daemons

For example, when you do whatis crontab, you'll notice that crontab has two man pages (section 1 and section 5). To view section 5 of crontab man page, do the following.

$whatis crontabcrontab (1)-maintain crontab files for individual users (V3) crontab (5)-tables for driving cron$ man 5 crontab42. Tail command examples

Print the last 10 lines of a file by default.

$tail filename.txt

Print N number of lines from the file named filename.txt

$tail-n N filename.txt

View the content of the file in real time using tail-f. This is useful to view the log files, that keeps growing. The command can be terminated using CTRL-C.

$tail-f log-file

More tail examples:3 Methods To View tail-f output of Multiple Log Files in One Terminal

forty-three。 Less command examples

Less is very efficient while viewing huge log files, as it doesn't need to load the full file while opening.

$less huge-log-file.log

One you open a file using less command, following two keys are very helpful.

CTRL+F-forward one windowCTRL+B-backward one window

More less examples:Unix Less Command: 10 Tips for Effective Navigation

forty-four。 Su command examples

Switch to a different user account using su command. Super user can switch to any other user without entering their password.

$su-USERNAME

Execute a single command from a different account name. In the following example, john can execute the ls command as raj username. Once the command is executed, it will come back to john's account.

[john@dev-server] $su-raj-c 'ls' [john@dev-server] $

Login to a specified user account, and execute the specified shell instead of the default shell.

$su-s' SHELLNAME' USERNAME45. Mysql command examples

Mysql is probably the most widely used open source database on Linux. Even if you don't run a mysql database on your server, you might end-up using the mysql command (client) to connect to a mysql database running on the remote server.

To connect to a remote mysql database. This will prompt for a password.

$mysql-u root-p-h 192.168.1.2

To connect to a local mysql database.

$mysql-u root-p

If you want to specify the mysql root password in the command line itself, enter it immediately after-p (without any space).

forty-six。 Yum command examples

To install apache using yum.

$yum install httpd

To upgrade apache using yum.

$yum update httpd

To uninstall/remove apache using yum.

$yum remove httpd47. Rpm command examples

To install apache using rpm.

# rpm-ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

To upgrade apache using rpm.

# rpm-uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.

# rpm-ev httpd

More rpm examples:RPM Command: 15 Examples to Install, Uninstall, Upgrade, Query RPM Packages

forty-eight。 Ping command examples

Ping a remote host by sending only 5 packets.

$ping-c 5 gmail.com

More ping examples:Ping Tutorial: 15 Effective Ping Command Examples

forty-nine。 Date command examples

Set the system date:

# date-s "01Compact 31Universe 23:59:53"

Once you've changed the system date, you should syncronize the hardware clock with the system date as shown below.

# hwclock-systohc# hwclock-systohc-utc50. Wget command examples

The quick and effective method to download software, music, video from internet is using wget command.

$wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz

Download and store it with a different name.

$wget-O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701

More wget examples:The Ultimate Wget Download Guide With 15 Awesome Examples

Did I miss any frequently used Linux commands? Leave a comment and let me know.

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