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This article is about which is the most important part of a microcomputer hardware system. The editor thinks it is very practical, so share it with you as a reference and follow the editor to have a look.

The most important component of the microcomputer hardware system is CPU. Central processing unit (CPU) is the core component in the computer which is responsible for reading instructions, decoding instructions and executing instructions. its main function is to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software.

The operating environment of this tutorial: windows7 system, Dell G3 computer.

The most important (core) component of the microcomputer hardware system is CPU.

As the core of operation and control of computer system, central processing unit (CPU) is the final execution unit of information processing and program running.

CPU is the core component of microcomputer and the key to improve the overall performance of the system. It mainly includes two components: arithmetic unit and controller. Today, with the continuous development of ultra-light and ultra-thin microcomputers, CPU is required to consider the following elements in its design while maintaining high performance and high speed:

Low power consumption reduces the working voltage and power consumption to prolong the working time more effectively.

Low heat consumption and reduce heat generation, in order to achieve the stability of the system under high-speed operation.

High-density foot seals reduce the volume and provide more functions.

The main function of the central processing unit (CPU) is to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software. CPU is the core component in the computer which is responsible for reading instructions, decoding instructions and executing instructions. The CPU mainly consists of two parts, namely, the controller and the arithmetic unit, including the cache memory and the data and control bus to realize the relationship between them. The three core components of electronic computer are CPU, internal memory and input / output equipment. The main functions of the CPU are processing instructions, performing operations, controlling time, and processing data.

In the computer architecture, CPU is the core hardware unit that controls and allocates all the hardware resources of the computer (such as memory, input and output units) and performs general operations. CPU is the core of computer operation and control. The operations of all software layers in a computer system will eventually be mapped to CPU operations through instruction sets.

The core of CPU

1. Arithmetic unit

An arithmetic unit is a part of a computer that performs all kinds of arithmetic and logic operations, in which the arithmetic logic unit is the core part of the central processing.

(1) arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Arithmetic logic unit is a combinational logic circuit which can realize multiple groups of arithmetic operations and logic operations, and it is an important part of central processing. The operations of arithmetic logic units are mainly binary arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication. In the process of operation, arithmetic logic unit mainly uses computer instructions to perform arithmetic and logic operations. Generally speaking, ALU can play the role of direct read-out, which is embodied in processor controller, memory, input and output devices and so on. Input and output is based on bus. The input instruction contains an instruction word, including opcodes, format codes, and so on.

(2) intermediate register (IR). Its length is 128 bits, and its actual length is determined by operands. IR plays an important role in the "stack and fetch" instruction. During the execution of the instruction, the contents of ACC are sent to IR, then the operands are fetched to ACC, and then the contents of IR are put into the stack.

(3) arithmetic accumulator (ACC). Current registers are generally single accumulators with a length of 128 bits. For ACC, think of it as a variable-length accumulator. In the process of describing the instruction, the representation of ACC length is generally based on the value of ACS, and there is a direct relationship between ACS length and ACC length, and the doubling or halving of ACS length can also be regarded as doubling or halving ACC length.

(4) description word register (DR). It is mainly used in storing and modifying description words. The length of DR is 64 bits, and the use of descriptors plays an important role in simplifying data structure processing.

(5) B register. It plays an important role in the modification of the instruction. The length of the B register is 32 bits. The amount of address modification can be saved in the process of changing the address, and the main memory address can only be modified by description words. Pointing to the first element in the array is the descriptor, so accessing other elements in the array should require modifications. For the composition of numbers, it is composed of data of the same size or elements of the same size, and it is stored continuously, and the common access method is the vector description word, because the address in the vector description word is a byte address, so, in the conversion process, the basic address should be added first. For conversion work, it is mainly implemented automatically by hardware, and special attention should be paid to alignment in this process so as not to cross the boundaries of the array.

2. Controller

The controller refers to the main command device which controls the start, speed regulation, braking and reverse of the motor by changing the wiring of the main circuit or control circuit and changing the resistance value in the circuit according to the predetermined order. The controller is composed of program status register PSR, system state register SSR, program counter PC, instruction average register and so on. As a "decision-making body", its main task is to issue commands and play the role of coordination and command of the whole computer system operation. The classification of control mainly includes two kinds, namely combinational logic controller and microprogram controller, both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. Among them, the structure of the combinational logic controller is relatively complex, but the advantage is that the speed is fast; the structure of the microprogram controller is simple, but in modifying a machine instruction function, all the microprograms need to be reprogrammed.

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