Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

I. The need to use databases

The use of databases allows efficient and organized storage of data, enabling staff to manage data more quickly and easily. The database has the following characteristics:

It can store a large amount of data information in a structured way, which is convenient for users to retrieve and access effectively.

It can effectively maintain the consistency and integrity of data information and reduce data redundancy.

can meet the requirements of application sharing and security;

Common databases include SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, etc. SQL Server runs in the Windows operating environment and has a relatively friendly graphical interface.

Basic concepts of database

A database is "a repository that organizes, stores, and manages data according to a data structure." Is a long-term storage in the computer, organized, shareable, unified management of large amounts of data collection.

Database is a collection of data stored together in a certain way, shared with multiple users, with as little redundancy as possible, independent of each other with applications, and can be regarded as an electronic file cabinet-a place to store electronic files. Users can add, query, update, delete, etc. to the data in the files.

1. Data

A symbolic record describing something is called shuju (Data).

include numbers, word, graphics, images, sounds, file records, etc

Storage in a uniform format as "records"

2. Table

When different records are organized together, they form a "table."

is to store specific data.

3. Database management system and database system

Database Management System (DBMS) is a system software that realizes the effective organization, management and access of database resources. DBMS mainly includes the following functions:

Database establishment and maintenance function;

Data definition function;

Data manipulation functions;

Database operation management function;

Communication function;

Database Systems (DBS) is a man-machine system, generally composed of hardware, operating system, database, DBMS, application software and database users. Users can manipulate databases through DBMS or through applications.

Database AdmDBA is responsible for updating and backing up database, database system maintenance, user management, etc., to ensure the normal operation of database system.

3. Database development history and model 1. Database development history

Primary stage-first generation database: database system based on hierarchical model and mesh model;

Intermediate stage-second generation database: relational database;

Advanced stage-third generation database: new database oriented to different fields, object-oriented database,"relation-object" database;

2. Classical data model

Data is an abstraction of "quantities" in the real world, while data models are abstractions of data features. In database system, data model is its core and foundation; data model represents data structure, operations defined on it and constraints.

1) Network model:

The network model uses many-to-many, many-to-one relationships. Such complex data relationships can be well supported in mesh models. Mesh models are suitable for expressing complex data relationships and minimizing data redundancy.

2) Hierarchical model:

The data structure adopts tree structure for abstract analysis and representation, which is suitable for one-to-many relationship model. Many-to-many and many-to-one relationships are prohibited. Data constraints are not easy to implement, IMS database system developed by IBM.

3) Relationship model:

The data structure uses a simple and understandable two-dimensional data table, which can be directly represented by a simple entity-relationship (E-R) diagram, which contains three elements: entities (data objects), relationships and attributes. Figure: Rectangle: Solid; Ellipse: Attribute.

Basic concepts of relational databases

Relational database system is a database system based on relational model, which is the instantiation of relational model applied to database domain.

1. Basic structure of relational database

In each two-dimensional table, each row is called a record, which describes information about an object; each column is called a field, which describes an attribute of the object. There are corresponding associations between the data table and the database. These associations are used to query related data. As shown in the following figure, it is a data table.

Relational databases consist of associations between data tables. Of which:

A data table is usually a two-dimensional table consisting of rows and columns, each describing a particular aspect or part of the database and its attributes;

A row in a data table, usually called a record or tuple, represents one of many objects with the same attributes;

A column in a database is usually called a field or attribute, which represents a common attribute of an object stored in the corresponding database.

Each row of records in the data table must be unique, and identical records are not allowed. The uniqueness of records (entities) can be guaranteed by defining primary keys (primary keys).

A primary key uniquely identifies row data in a table. A primary key corresponds to a row of data. A primary key consists of one or more fields. Its value is unique. NULL is not allowed. A table can only have one primary key.

2) Foreign key

A relational database usually contains multiple tables, which can be associated through foreign keys. A foreign key is one or more columns used to establish and enforce a link between data from two tables. You create a link between two tables by adding one or more columns of primary key values in one table to another. This column is called the foreign key of the second table.

Data integrity rules 1) Entity integrity rules

Entity integrity rules require that tuples in relationships must not have null values on attributes of primary keys. If null occurs, the primary key does not uniquely identify the tuple.

2) Domain integrity rules

Domain integrity rules, also known as column integrity, specify whether a dataset is valid for a column or determine whether nulls are allowed.

3) Reference integrity rules

If two tables are related to each other, then referential integrity rules require that references to tuples that do not exist are not allowed.

4) User-defined integrity rules

User-defined integrity rules are constraints on specific data and are determined by the application environment. It reflects the semantic requirements that the data involved in a particular application must satisfy.

Install and use SQL Server 2016

SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft Corporation. Easy to use, scalable and integrated with related software, it can be used across multiple platforms from laptops running Microsoft Windows 98 to large multiprocessor servers running Microsoft Windows 2012.

Microsoft SQL Server is a comprehensive database platform that provides enterprise-class data management using integrated business intelligence (BI) tools. The Microsoft SQL Server Database Engine provides more secure and reliable storage for relational and structured data, enabling you to build and manage highly available and high-performance data applications for your business.

SQL Server 2016 Development Edition can be installed on Windows 8/8.1/10, but Enterprise Edition does not support it, and the functions are the same. However, the development version cannot be deployed to a production environment.

SQL Server 2016 mirror please visit: [https://pan.baidu.com/s/1p17J4yhJE6UrvDkodgRzLg]

Extraction code: pydi]

SQL Server security considerations:

Enhanced physical security;

Isolation services;

Use of firewalls;

Configure a secure file system;

Disable unnecessary protocols (e.g. sharing)

SQL Server 2016 is installed in the SQL Server 2016 server.

CPUx64;

Memory can not be less than 1GB, recommended 4GB~ 6GB;

Hard disk free space 6GB;

Install SQL Server 2016

1) Open DVD and run setup application

2) Click Installation Options and select Permission SQL Server Standalone Installation or Add Features to an Existing Installation

3) Product key remains default, click Next

4) Receive license terms and click Next

5) Do not select Check Update, keep default Click Next

6) Ignore product update error, click Next

7) Warning of installation rules can be ignored, click Next

8) Function Options Select Database Engine Services and SQL Server Replication and Data Quality Services

9) Instance Configuration Keep the default instance

10) Server configuration remains default, click Next

11) Identity authentication mode Select mixed default, configure password yourself, add current user, click Next

12) Start installation

13) Installation completed

14) Check the service console to verify that the installation is successful

Install SQL Server MManagement

SSMS package extraction link: [https://pan.baidu.com/s/1zFhXc3b7Ym-ZSLsYXL2yPg

Extraction code: d5yj]

1) Copy SSMS to computer to start installation

2) Installation completed

Open SQL Server MManagement

Connect, start and stop database services

1) Connect to the database using Windows authentication

2) Connect to the database using SQL Server authentication

3) Right-click the database name to start, stop and restart the database.

4) Start or stop the database through the service manager

5) Manage SQL Server services through SQL Server Configuration Manager

5. Registration Server

1) Register servers (two instances on the same server)

2) Browse local servers

3) Select Server Add

4) Test database

6. System database

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