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Citation is a concept in C++, and beginners tend to confuse references with pointers. In the following program, n is a reference of m and m is a referent.

Int m; int & n = m

N is equivalent to the alias (nickname) of m, and any operation on n is an operation on m. So n is neither a copy of m nor a pointer to m, in fact n is m itself.

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Referenced rules:

(1) the reference must be initialized at the same time it is created (the pointer can be initialized at any time).

(2) there cannot be a NULL reference, which must be associated with a legitimate storage unit (the pointer can be NULL).

(3) once the reference is initialized, the relationship of the reference cannot be changed (the pointer can change the object at any time).

In the following example program, k is initialized as a reference to I. The statement k = j does not change k to a reference to j, just changes the value of k to 6. Because k is a reference to I, the value of I also becomes 6.

The values of int I = 5; int j = 6; int & k = I; k = j; / k and I become 6

The main function of a reference is to pass the parameters and return values of the function. In C++ language, there are three ways to pass parameters and return values of functions: value, pointer and reference.

The following is an example program of "value passing" in C++ parameter passing.

Since x in the Func1 function is a copy of the external variable n, changing the value of x does not affect n, so the value of n is still 0.

Void Func1 (int x) {xx = x + 10;}... Int n = 0; Func1 (n); cout

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