Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

We already know that in the world of computers there is only binary, only 01, and we can't talk to computers directly and fluently to do some work. If we want to use hardware resources, we must use the operating system to allocate hardware resources.

The operating system mainly has the following functions:

1. Memory management

2. Equipment management

3. Process management

4. System calls

5. Document management

6. Network management

We now commonly used operating systems mainly have three categories, one is now the most used Windows operating system, including from DOS through 95/98/2000/xp/visit/win7/win8/win8.1 to the current win10. Second, now very expensive Apple Unix operating system, MAC and mobile IOS, Unix system security factor is very high, three is now free open source generally used for server Linux operating system, Linux distribution numerous, more famous are redhat, centos, debian, Ubuntu and so on.

Let's take a look at the history of Linux, which can be described as follows:

Before 1969, Bell Labs, MIT and GE collaborated on a project to develop a multitasking, multiuser operating system. Multics was born at this time, and it is a compatible time-sharing system. Although this system was developed, in fact, this plan still failed, and many people were not satisfied with it. This led to the early unics operating system.

In 1969 Ken Thonspoon wrote the earliest unix prototype, Unics, using the early assembly language Assembler of the time.

There were two important philosophies at the beginning of this system, which were crucial to the development of linux.

1) Everything is a document.

Regardless of any program, there is only one ultimate goal, and the goal is effectively completed.

In 1973 Dennis Ritchie rewrote the B language and named it C language, and rewrote Unics in C language and renamed it Unix officially released, thus Unix was officially born.

In 1977, an important branch of Unix, BSD, was born at Berkeley University. It was developed by Bill Joy, founder of Sun. The Sun Company later developed a commercial distribution of Unix based on BSD. Many of the BSD branches we later talked about, such as freeBSD/openBSD, were developed from BSD, so they are considered to be orthodox Unix inheritance and inheritance, and are much higher than Apple's mac status.

In 1979, System V appeared, a unix that could run on personal computers, but AT&T specifically stated in Unix 7 that "no source code for students" began a long-running Unix commercial copyright dispute.

Until today, orthodox Unix has been somewhat controversial, but the generally accepted orthodox Unix bloodlines are system V and BSD.

1984 is an important year, two major events occurred, the first major event is that Professor Tan Bangning in order to continue academic education research, self-developed and wrote a Unix-like system-Minix, which is the earliest predecessor of Linux. However, the professor was not a person who fought for fame and fortune. Although the system was awesome, the professor only used it for academic research. He did not add other new features, nor was he prepared to support updates, and he was unwilling to let others pollute his operating system. Therefore, the system was used only in a small area and did not develop in the hands of professors. Linux really became popular because a person named Linuz got the operating system and made some changes to it. He released the operating system on the open source forum. At that time, it was actually just a kernel and could not be called an operating system. Startup installation was not something everyone could do. Only engineers and scientists could do it. And because of the open source project, linux is beginning to be known and popular. As for the later releases, that's a later story. But let's move on to the second event of 1984.

The second major event of 1984 was the GNU (GNU is not Unix) Open Source Project and the founding of the FSF Foundation. Around this time, many important software and protocols emerged, such as GPL, GCC C compiler, Emacs editor, Glibc, bash shell, etc., which created fertile soil for the later development of Linux.

In 1988 X-window appeared in a GUI project called Xfree86. At the beginning, we mentioned several laboratories. Historically, there seemed to be several Lei Feng laboratories, such as Bell Labs, and a printer company laboratory. Windows NT was the laboratory stolen by Bill lid, this thief. The scientists in these laboratories have made an indelible impression on our technological progress in obscurity, but none of them have left a name in history. Successful entrepreneurs are often famous "thieves."

Linux came into being in 1991, when such an operating system was needed to replace Unix. It had to be fully compatible with applications that could run on Unix. Linux was such a multitasking system. It stems from an article linuz torvalds posted on a forum, along with the linuz kernel. And the directory that put this linuz was called Linux, and people started calling this system Linux. The first version of the Linux kernel was 0.02, followed by 1.0 and more. The linux kernel's website is now www.kernel.com

The various distributions we use are modified using the kernel above.

Therefore, although the Linux distributions look different on the surface, there are different companies, different names, different logos, but in fact the differences are not big, almost. Because the core is the same. Different distributions use different third-party applications, different management tools, and different suite management models.

Linux distributions have a lot of different ways of dividing them. There are two generally accepted sub-methods.

The first is to divide it according to whether the group maintained by the distribution is a commercial company or a social group. RHEL, SUSE, Ubuntu are maintained and serviced by commercial companies. Centos, OpenSUSE, Fedora, Debian, B2D, Gentoo, etc. are free social groups, supported by community units, and there is no designated unit to provide services, anyone can use, but no one is responsible for problems, you can only find solutions yourself.

Second, installation software management mode is RPM or DPKG to divide. This is generally recognized, according to this division, Linux has two camps, RHEL and Debian must be in opposition. reahat is used

RMP software management, Debian uses DPKG software management, and Gentoo neither belongs. Then the second releases of these releases must be the same. RHEL and Centos are the same, as are Debian and Ubuntu. And so on.

Features of each distribution:

RHEL: Most widely used system worldwide

CentOS: This is the operating system that recompiles RHEL and releases it free of charge to users.

Fedora: RHEL's testbed, where successful software is added to the latest version of RHEL.

OpenSUSE: This is Germany's famous Linux

Gentoo: High degree of personalization, many customized functions, complex operation, advanced user use

Debian: ***, an excellent operating system that is widely used by senior operation and maintenance engineers, stable and secure

Ubuntu: A better Linux. There's actually a better linux called Mint.

End

- Yang Guang

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