Shulou(Shulou.com)06/03 Report--

6.1 related majors in electronics

In the past, electronics was the largest major in science and technology, but the volume has decreased over the years, but it is still the largest major. I majored in electronics. I remember that at that time, the major in electronics was quite good, but in recent years, with the rapid development of microelectronics and computers, the major in electronics has been greatly affected.

6.2 how electrons are affected by microelectronics and computers

To understand this, we need to understand several stages of electronic development.

6.2.1 stage I: the stage when electrons are dominant

(1) the characteristics of electronic equipment at this stage are

1) during this period, there were no computers or microelectronics. The design of all electronic devices was only related to electronics, and the circuit design was completed by electronic engineers.

During this period, electronics were the core.

2) the volume of electronic components (resistors, capacitors, tubes, etc.) is not very large, and the electronic components are all discrete components, so the size of the equipment is very large.

3) there is no so-called PCB board, and electronic components are directly connected by wires.

4) after the circuit hardware is designed, the working logic (function) of the device is fixed.

In other words, the function of electronic equipment is directly determined by the hardware structure, and has nothing to do with the software.

(2) the appearance of the circuit in this period.

6.2.2 Phase II: microelectronics and computers begin to emerge

(1) the characteristics of electronic equipment in this period are

1) in a large number of electronic devices, computers, a unique electronic device, began to appear.

Semiconductor transistor replacement

2) the semiconductor material transistor replaces the electron tube, and the size of the electronic equipment is greatly reduced because the transistor is smaller.

3) PCB boards are widely used, no longer using wires to directly connect electronic components

4) Microelectronics has been separated from the electronics major.

With the emergence of microelectronics, integrated circuits began to develop, and integrated circuits appeared later than computers.

After the emergence of the integrated circuit, the core functions of the circuit began to be integrated into the chip. because the integrated chip separated the core circuit, the workload of electronic engineers began to be reduced, but due to the limitation of integration, there are still a large number of separated components in the equipment, so the volume of the equipment is still large.

It needs to be emphasized that do not think of CPU as soon as you talk about integrated chips. Although CPU is also an integrated chip, not all integrated chips are CPU. Many of them are just some special functional integrated chips, such as those dedicated to the implementation of 3-8 decoders.

(2) the appearance of the circuit board in this period

6.2.3 Phase III: further development of microelectronics and computers

(1) the characteristics of this period

1) VLSI is becoming more and more mature

Almost all the complex circuits are integrated into the chip, there is no need to use discrete components to design complex circuits, the circuit board becomes more concise, and the size of the equipment becomes smaller.

2) almost all electronic devices are realized by computer.

(a) Why computers are widely used in all aspects

With the rapid development of integrated circuits, computers can be made smaller and smaller, so in addition to general-purpose computers such as PC and servers, all kinds of minicomputers are widely used. All previous electronic devices with some special uses and pure hardware have been eliminated, converted to minicomputers, and widely used in civil, industrial, agricultural, military, transportation, medical and other fields. Such as traffic lights, endoscopes, air conditioners and so on.

These minicomputers with some special uses are often called "embedded computers", and embedded computers will be described in detail in the later "embedded engineer's Learning Guide".

(B) the computer has taken away another part of the work that used to be electronic.

Before the popularization of computers, the function of devices was originally determined by electronic hardware, but now almost all electronic devices are realized by computers, and the functions of devices are no longer determined by pure hardware structure, but by computer programs. therefore, the original work of electronics is divided by the computer.

Nowadays, almost all electronic devices are realized by computers, so they all involve programming, so students majoring in electronics are naturally required to have certain programming ability. this is why electronics majors are required to learn C language, the reason is C language, not other languages, that is because students in the electronics department are often engaged in the development of embedded computers. Instead of the development of general-purpose computers such as PC/ servers, embedded computers are basically programmed in C language.

(2) the appearance of the circuit board during this period

6.3 Review the influence of "microelectronics" and "computer" on "electronics"

(1) the influence of microelectronics on electrons.

As a large number of core circuits are integrated into the integrated chip, electronic engineers are no longer needed to design complex circuits in the form of separate components, and a lot of work that originally belongs to electronics is separated by microelectronics.

(2) the influence of computer on electronics

As mentioned earlier, today's electronic devices are almost all realized by computers, and the functions of devices are determined by programs. Unlike in the past, the functions of devices are purely determined by the hardware structure designed by electronic engineers. Similarly, the work that originally belongs to electronics has been separated by the computer.

In short, the job content that originally belongs to electronics has been separated a lot by microelectronics and computers. if you do not take the postgraduate entrance examination after graduation, nor do you engage in pure software development related to programming, or embedded development, electronic employment opportunities are relatively narrow.

6.4 General computer development and embedded computer development

Nowadays, electronic computers can be divided into two categories, one is general-purpose computers, and the other is embedded computers.

6.4.1 General purpose computer

Computers such as PC and server are typical general purpose computers.

(1) the hardware of general-purpose computers is basically standardized, and their hardware is designed when they leave the factory. Developers no longer need to care about hardware problems, but only need to develop and run software for them.

(2) the software development of general computer is mostly carried out by students majoring in computer science.

6.4.2 embedded computer

For example, all kinds of refrigerators / rice cookers, all kinds of toys, all kinds of automotive electronics and so on, are typical embedded devices.

The main contents are as follows: (1) because of the particularity of embedded computer, the hardware of computer is not standardized and needs special customization, so embedded development involves not only hardware development, but also software development. So embedded development belongs to the combination of hardware and software.

(2) the development of embedded system is mostly carried out by students majoring in electronics.

For example, such as single-chip microcomputer, Linux and other embedded development, embedded development should be regarded as one of the directions of electronic professional development.

The reason for this is that embedded is a combination of hardware and software development, while students majoring in electronics have relatively solid hardware knowledge. After all, electronics majors specialize in hardware. And almost all electronics majors can learn c language and have considerable programming foundation, and embedded development usually uses C language, so the knowledge structure of electronic students should be said to naturally meet the needs of embedded development. so after a large number of students majoring in electronics graduate, most of them will choose to engage in embedded development.

6.5 the boundary between general-purpose computers and embedded computers

With the rapid development of embedded system in recent years, the boundary between embedded computer and general computer is becoming more and more blurred. For example, mobile phone is a typical embedded device. After upgrading to smart phone, the difference between embedded computer and PC is getting smaller and smaller. What PC can do, smart phone can do basically.

From the mobile phone, we can see that the boundary between embedded computer and general-purpose computer is blurring, so the development related to mobile phone can be regarded as not only the development of general-purpose computer, but also embedded development.

Correspondingly, in the future, the line between the computer major and the electronics major will become blurred, and the things done after graduation of the electronics major and the computer major may become more and more similar. at present, many colleges and universities have new majors such as the Internet of things, embedded and so on. In fact, these new majors are typical new majors between electronics and computers, which involve the characteristics of electronics. It also has the characteristics of a computer.

6.6 at present, the direction of graduation of electronics major

(1) take the postgraduate entrance examination

(2) do IT development related to programming

1) the development of pure software is related to the development of general-purpose computers.

2) the development of the combination of hardware and software, the corresponding is embedded related development.

(3) work in pure hardware after graduation

For example, such as designing circuit schematics, drawing PCB boards, etc.

1) Design circuit schematic diagram

Due to the rapid development of integrated circuits, all kinds of complex core circuits have been integrated into the chip. compared with the past, the design of circuit schematics has become simpler.

2) draw PCB board

It should be said that drawing pcb board is an empirical work, so the junior high school / high school graduates trained by PCB can basically engage in the drawing of PCB board, which is relatively less in terms of technical content.

Of course, it needs to be emphasized that if you draw a high-speed PCB, the technical requirements are relatively high, and if you do not have a certain depth of electronic professional knowledge as the basis, it is difficult to draw this kind of advanced PCB board, so this kind of high-level PCB drawing is mostly done by undergraduate students majoring in electronics. after all, the technical difficulty is not at the same level, and the corresponding treatment is naturally different. The salary of a hardware engineer who can have a high level of PCB is also considerable, but it also takes years of experience.

(4) Electronic sales, or technical support

(5) switch to other professions

Author: Jiajie Studio

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