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The fourth generation of computers came out in the 1970s, that is, 1971. The fourth generation computer is composed of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, which can calculate all kinds of large-scale data and help users solve more problems.

The fourth Generation computer: large scale Integrated Circuit computer

The fourth generation of electronic computers use large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits as the basic electronic components.

In terms of hardware, the logic components use large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI). In the aspect of software, there are database management system, network management system and object-oriented language. In 1971, the world's first microprocessor was born in Silicon Valley in the United States, ushering in a new era of microcomputers. The application field is gradually moving from scientific computing, transaction management and process control to the family.

Due to the development of integration technology, semiconductor chips are more integrated, each chip can hold tens of thousands or even millions of transistors, and the calculator and controller can be concentrated on one chip, resulting in the emergence of microprocessors, and can be assembled into microcomputers with microprocessors and large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, which is what we often call microcomputers or PCs. The microcomputer is small, cheap and easy to use, but its function and computing speed have reached or even exceeded that of the mainframe computer in the past. On the other hand, a variety of logic chips made from large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have been made into giant computers that are not very large, but can operate at a speed of up to 100 million or even billions of times. Following the development of the Galaxy Ⅰ supercomputer, which has 100 million operations per second in 1983, the Galaxy Ⅱ general parallel supercomputer was developed in 1993. This period also produced a new generation of programming languages, database management systems and network software.

With the change of physical elements and devices, not only the host computer has undergone upgrading, but also its external equipment is constantly changing. For example, the external memory has developed from the initial cathode ray display tube to the magnetic core and drum, and then to a general-purpose disk, and now there is a smaller, larger and faster CD-ROM.

Characteristics

The fourth generation computer refers to the computer made of large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) and ultra-large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI) as the main electronic devices since 1970. The 80386 microprocessor, for example, can integrate about 320000 transistors on a single chip with an area of about 10mm X l0mm.

Another important branch of the fourth generation computer is microprocessors and microcomputers developed on the basis of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.

Four stages

The first stage is from 1971 to 1973, with 4004, 4040 and 8008 microprocessors. In 1971, Intel Company developed the MCS4 microcomputer (CPU is 4040, four-bit computer). Later, the MCS- 8 with 8008 as the core was introduced.

The second stage is from 1973 to 1977, the stage of development and improvement of microcomputer. There are 8080, 8085, M6800 and Z80 microprocessors. The initial products are Intel's MCS-80 (CPU is 8080, 8-bit computer). In the later stage, there are TRS- 80 (CPU Z80) and APPLE- II (CPU 6502), which once swept the world in the early 1980s.

The third stage is from 1978 to 1983, the development stage of 16-bit microcomputer, there are 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, M68000, Z8000 microprocessors. The representative product of microcomputer is IBM-PC (CPU is 8086). The peak products of this phase are Macintosh (1984) of APPLE and PC/AT286 (1986) of IBM.

The fourth stage is the development stage of 32-bit microcomputer since 1983. Microprocessors have been launched 80386, 80486. 386 and 486 microcomputers are early products. In 1993, Intel launched the Pentium or P5 microprocessor, which has 64-bit internal data channels. Pentium III (also known as P7) microprocessors have become mainstream products, and Pentium IV has been launched in October 2000.

Thus it can be seen that the performance of a microcomputer mainly depends on the performance of its core device-microprocessor (CPU).

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