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Summary

The Internet of things has produced many new standards and protocols. Device manufacturers and application creators have adopted more other protocols that are originally used for other purposes but are well suited to new Internet of things applications. Although in a sense, the Internet of things device is the same as any other device connected to the Internet, however, the inherent bandwidth, power, and transmission distance limitations of many Internet of things applications require new solutions for the basic operations of connectivity, data transmission, device discovery, and communications.

infrastructure

IPv4/IPv6

IPv4 and IPv6 are the two main versions of the Internet protocol (IP is the abbreviation for Internet Protocol). The Internet protocol is a method for passing packets between hosts on a network and using so-called IP addresses to uniquely identify hosts on the network. Both IPv4 and V6 packets contain headers that are metadata related to the packet, such as the sender's IP address and receiver's IP address, as well as the payload, which is the actual data to be transmitted. One of the main drivers of creating IPv6 and one of the main differences between it and IPv4 is the larger address space. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits, allowing only billions of unique addresses, while IPv6 addresses are 128 bits, increasing the number of unique devices that exist on the IPv6 network many times.

6LoWPAN

6LoWPAN stands for IPV6 on low-power wireless personal area networks. The standard is designed to enable IoT devices that normally operate with limited battery power and processing capacity to communicate using IPV6 packets. By using header compression and other energy-saving technologies, 6LoWPAN allows devices to communicate over IEEE 802.15.4 networks designed for low-power communications using the same packet structure as the entire Internet.

RPL

RPL is a routing protocol designed for low-power and lossy networks, which means that packets may be lost in a network made up of low-power devices. The characteristic of RPL is that it is optimized for many-to-one communication and its nodes have the ability to share network topology information (information about the shape and composition of the network) effectively.

Identification

For various reasons, such as the network, it is often useful and necessary to uniquely identify IoT devices in all device pools around the world. There are several popular ways to achieve this.

EPC

EPC stands for electronic product code. This is the standard defined by GS1, a non-profit organization dedicated to regulating corporate communications. EPC outlines a system for encoding and decoding the universal unique identifier of any physical object in the world based on product category information (such as UPC) and a serial number that identifies a unique instance of an object.

UCode

Ucode is a unique identification system that works similar to ICANN domain name registration and DNS management systems. The unique code is managed by a set of redundant ID servers that can issue ucode ID or parse ucode ID and return device information, much like a DNS server parses a unique URL to an IP address.

MAC Address

All devices with network connections are assigned an MAC address for each network interface. The MAC address is unique and has been bulk assigned to the device manufacturer. It is then up to the equipment manufacturer to ensure that they assign the number in the batch to the device so that each device has only a unique numbered MAC address.

Communication / transmission

Internet of things devices can use many network transport protocols, but some of the most popular protocols are:

Wi-Fi

The same Wi-Fi technology that connects most of our computers and smart devices to the Internet can also be used to connect IoT devices. Because Wi-Fi has relatively high power requirements compared with other network technologies, it is not usually the first choice for power-limited devices, but its ubiquity makes it a feasible choice for some solutions.

Bluetooth

The advantage of Bluetooth technology is its popularity and low power consumption (at least in the latest version). However, the transmission distance of Bluetooth is relatively short, which is not ideal for large-scale geographic applications.

LPWAN

Low-power wide area network LPWAN (low-power wide-area network) is a technology that not only saves power but also can transmit data over a long distance. The main disadvantage of LPWAN is its extremely low transfer rate, which poses a challenge to applications that need to transfer large amounts of data to or from IoT devices. LPWAN is not a widely used networking technology either. Therefore, if integration with an existing network is important, LPWAN may not be the best choice.

Discovery

Physical Network (Physical Web)

The physical network is a standard created by Google that allows physical objects to broadcast information in the form of URL, which allows users to interact with devices electronically. For example, a parking meter can broadcast URL to its payment page, allowing users to book parking spaces. The physical network broadcasts these URL using Bluetooth LE.

MDNS

MDNS is a protocol that functions similar to normal DNS but is suitable for smaller networks and does not have a name server (name servers). In particular, it allows devices to broadcast and receive information about services available on the network. For example, in Apple's Bonjour system (a proprietary implementation of mDNS), devices can query other devices on the local network to determine if they are available for printing, iTunes library sharing, or video conferencing. Devices on the mDNS network query other devices on the network, and all devices respond with information about the services they provide and their network addresses. This information will then be cached by all other devices on the network and used for future requests.

Data protocol

MQTT

MQTT is a publish / subscribe messaging protocol that is used to transfer data between devices in an environment with low network bandwidth. There are two types of devices on MQTT networks: publishers and message agents. The message broker manages subscription topics and devices described for these message types. Then, when the new information is published to the topic, it releases the update to the subscriber.

CoAP

CoAP is a web transport protocol based on UDP, and UDP is another transport protocol of TCP. TCP is also the foundation of web. CoAP is designed to allow REST programming interfaces between Internet of things devices and servers. REST is a popular programming paradigm that allows servers to expose resources to clients, which can view, update, create, and delete resources in a well-documented and time-tested format.

WebSocket

WebSocket is a protocol that allows two-way communication between clients (devices and servers) over a single connection, which is faster than alternatives such as HTTP. The WebSocket can be used, for example, to direct a data message from a device or gateway to a server for processing, but it can also allow the server to send a message back to the device or gateway (for example, requesting an operation on the device or sending software or firmware updates).

Equipment management

TR-069

TR-069 is a protocol designed to allow devices to be automatically configured for use on the network and to receive future software, firmware, and configuration updates. The protocol is based on HTTP, and a set of defined message types enable devices to securely connect to ACS or auto-configuration servers and receive configuration data. This enables embedded devices such as set-top boxes to successfully connect to the network and update themselves when appropriate.

OMA-DM

Similar to TR-069, OMA-DM is the standard for configuring and updating devices on the network. It was created by the Open Mobile Alliance (Open Mobile Alliance) and has been widely used in provisioning, configuration, and maintenance of mobile phones and other connected consumer devices.

Multi-layer frame

In addition to the above building blocks used in many IoT solutions, a multi-tier framework is provided that combines the solutions for each part of the IoT application stack. Open source stacks such as IoTivity and Alljoyn (merged with IoTivity) or OpenWeave (created by Google) are one-stop framework solutions for creating devices that can communicate with each other and with the wider Internet. Apple's full-stack IoT / smart home device solution HomeKit also provides a mechanism for easily adding devices to the network and promoting and demonstrating their services to other devices and users.

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