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Dedicated to beginners: how should rookies learn the Linux operating system

First, choose the Linux distribution that suits you

When it comes to linux distributions, there are so many that no one can give an exact number, but one thing is certain. Linux is becoming more and more popular. In the face of so many Linux distributions, beginners who plan to transfer from other systems to linux systems may be confused. Even loyal Linux users do not have the time and energy to test one by one, so beginners before learning linux The requirements have a clear direction, so it is very important to choose a suitable system to start learning linux! Next we will classify and introduce.

1.1 first choice for beginners-redhat series

Before learning the redhat series linux, first understand the relationship between the various distributions of the following redhat linux.

1.Red Hat Linux

Red Hat Linux is the first personal version of linux released by redhat, which was released on November 3, 1994. Although it is not as old as other linux distributions, Red Hat has a much longer history than many Linux distributions. Since the release of RedHat 9.0, RedHat no longer developed the desktop version of the Linux distribution, and RedHat Linux stopped development and focused all its efforts on the development of the server version, that is, the RedHat Enterprise Linux version. On April 30th, Red Hat officially stopped supporting version 9.0 of Red Hat, which marked the official end of Red Hat Linux. The original desktop Red Hat Linux distribution was merged with Fedora from the open source community to form a Fedora Core distribution.

Red Hat is currently divided into two series: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, which is supported and updated by Red Hat for a fee, and Fedora Core, which is free of charge developed by the community.

2.Fedora Core

Fedora Core (abbreviated as FC) is positioned by Red Hat as an experimental site for new technologies, many new technologies will be tested in FC, and Red Hat will consider joining Red Hat Enterprise Linux if it is stable.

Fedora Core 1 was released in late 2003, and FC is targeted at desktop users. FC provides the latest software packages, and its version update cycle is very short, only 6 months. Due to frequent version updates, performance and stability are not guaranteed, so Fedora Core is generally not recommended on the server.

In fact, it can be thought that Fedora is an experimental version of Red Hat Enterprise Edition linux released by Red Hat, which is tested by users and lays the foundation for the release of Red Hat Enterprise Edition.

3.Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (Enterprise Edition abbreviated RHEL,Red Hat). Red Hat is now mainly doing linux development for the server version, focusing on performance and stability as well as hardware support in the version. Due to the long development cycle of the enterprise operating system, focusing on performance, stability and server-side software support, the version update is relatively slow.

RedHat Enterprise Linux is divided into four versions: Advanced Server (AS), ES Workstation (WS) and Desktop. There is not much difference between them, only in terms of function.

4.Centos

CentOS's full name is Community Enterprise operating system (Community Enterprise Operating System)

The background of CentOS:

Redhat releases Redhat 9. After 0. 0, no longer develop redhat 10J 11. The new redhat Enterprise Edition requires users to buy lisence,redhat first and make a commitment to ensure the stability and security of the product. The rhel binaries are no longer available for download but as part of the redhat service, but the source code is still open. In this case, there are a number of enterprise versions of open source, such as centos, whitebox, dao, and so on, of which centos is the most active.

Here's how centos is made:

The CentOS community downloads all the source code on Redhat's website and recompiles it. Because AS/ES/WS is a commercial product, you must change the Logo and logo of all Redhat to your own CentOS logo. For example, the original SRPM source code of AS4.0 is compiled and replaced with logo of the Centos community, which becomes CentOS 4.0. When the source code of Redhat Enterprise Linux AS4 Update1 is compiled, it becomes CentOS4.1. When the source code of AS4 Update2 is compiled, it becomes CentOS4.2 and so on. This is how CentOS comes into being.

Therefore, it can be said that CentOS is the free version of Redhat's AS/ES/WS, and you can get the same functionality and performance as redhat enterprise linux using centos. At the same time, centos also provides free long-term upgrade and update services. Therefore, among the many cloned versions of RHEL, CentOS is very outstanding.

Although centos is a clone of RHEL, it is not exactly the same, and the clone is 100% interchangeable. It's not the same for centos. RHEL's software doesn't work 100% on CentOS.

After understanding the differences between the various versions of the Redhat series. In fact, we have found the reason why we choose Redhat linux as a beginner's entry-level study.

First of all: the most familiar and well-heard distribution for Linux users in China and even all over the world must be Red Hat. Because Red Hat is the "boss" of the Linux world, and Red Hat linux released by Red Hat is one of the most successful Linux distributions in business, the linux issued by Red Hat is trustworthy, and the function and performance of Red Hat linux are beyond doubt.

Secondly: Redhat now has a large group of network users, and 90% of the network linux resources are based on Redhat linux. If you encounter any problems in the learning process, casually search the Internet, there will be thousands of answers in front of you.

Third: Red Hat linux series versions complement each other, complement each other: if you are in contact with linux for the first time, it is recommended that you install Fedora Core first, Fedora Core installation is simple, the hardware support is good, the interface is gorgeous, and you can also experience the latest features of Redhat linux; if you have some understanding of linux and need in-depth learning, it is recommended that you use the CENTOS system; if you are doing linux enterprise application, it is recommended that you use the RHEL version.

Finally: redhat has a wide range of applications, typical and representative, many systems (such as Red Flag redflag, Enterprise Linux issued by winning the bid linux,Oracle) are based on Red Hat linux, so it can be said that if you learn Red Hat linux, you can follow the analogy, and other similar linux systems can also be mastered quickly; now the learning linux around is generally based on redhat linux, so it is convenient to communicate, problems arise in learning, and it is easier to solve. At the same time, the installation and use of redhat linux is also the easiest, so basically do not waste too much time on "installing the system".

1.2 preferred for enterprise applications-suse linux

Enterprise applications pursue reliability and stability, which requires the construction of enterprise application system platform with high reliability and high stability. Enterprise linux distributions solve this problem.

SUSE is the most famous Linux distribution in Germany and enjoys a high reputation all over the world. On November 4, 2003, Novell announced that it would acquire SuSE. The acquisition was successfully completed in January 2004, and Novell also officially named SuSE SuSE Linux. The acquisition of suse by Novell has accelerated the development of suse linux. Suse linux is more specialized in both the desktop market and the server market. According to incomplete statistics, suse linux now accounts for nearly 80% of the European linux market, and most of the key applications are built under suse linux. Because suse entered China for a short time, and the marketing mode of suse in China can not be accepted by China for a short time, the market share of suse in China is not very large, but these do not affect the fact that suse linux is highly reliable and stable. With the development of suse, it is believed that the application of suse linux in China will be more and more.

1.3 Game and Entertainment preferred-Ubuntu Linux

When it comes to the linux desktop market, Ubuntu Linux accounts for almost half of the desktop linux, Ubuntu Linux focuses on the linux desktop, the interface is beautiful, simple and gorgeous, if you want to carry out entertainment and leisure under linux, Ubuntu Linux is absolutely the first choice.

The installation of Ubuntu is very user-friendly, just follow the instructions step by step, the installation is as simple as Windows! Moreover, Ubuntu is regarded as one of the best and most comprehensive Linux distributions with the best hardware support, and many hardware that cannot be used on other distributions or cannot be used in the default configuration can be easily handled on Ubuntu. So you can install Ubuntu as easily as you install windows. Enjoy the fun of Ubuntu linux.

1.4 linux as a server is a development trend

In the above chapter mainly introduces several of the most common linux release versions, in fact, there are many linux release versions, there are more common Debian GNU/Linux, Mandriva, Gentoo,Slackware, Knoppix,MEPIS, Xandros, domestic Red Flag redflag, bid-winning linux, and so on, here is no longer a description, in fact, throughout the various distributions of linux, linux distribution is nothing more than towards these two aspects, one is the server market, but the desktop market.

Linux distributions represented by Ubuntu Linux follow the desktop market route. Although they bring a lot of surprises to users and update quickly, linux desktop development is difficult because the desktop market has a strong competitor like windows.

The linux distribution represented by the redhat series version is now mainly aimed at the enterprise linux server market, focusing on the development of the enterprise version of linux, suse linux is also focused on the development of enterprise linux, other such as domestic redhat flag, bid-winning linux and so on are focused on the linux server market. The two major publishers of linux have now taken the route of the linux server market, which shows that linux has a great development prospect as an enterprise server. according to the statistics of the authoritative department, the share of linux in the server market continues to increase every year.

In fact, many applications of linux are aimed at linux server, and the description of this book is mainly aimed at various applications of linux under the server.

Second, develop good linux operation habits

When you enter the study of linux, please do not use the way windows works to think about the problem, because there are indeed great differences between them, such as the memory management mechanism between them, the process running mechanism, etc., these similarities and differences will be described in the following chapters, therefore, put aside the thinking of windows, with a new concept to try to tap the unique potential of linux, is very important for beginners.

2.1 be sure to get used to the command line approach

Linux is an operating system composed of command line, and its essence lies in the command line. No matter what level the graphical interface develops, the operation of command line mode will never change. Linux commands have many powerful functions: from simple disk operation, file access, to the production of complex multimedia images and streaming media files are inseparable from the command line. Although linux also has a desktop system, X-window is just an application running in command-line mode.

Therefore, it can be said that commands are the basis of learning linux systems, and learning linux is, to a large extent, learning commands. Many linux masters are actually people who are familiar with commands.

It may be too difficult for beginners who have just entered linux from windows system to learn boring commands immediately, but once you learn it, you can't put it down. Because its function is so powerful. Your future learning path will also increase exponentially.

2.2 combining theory with practice

There are many beginners will encounter such a problem, when it comes to every command of the system, are very familiar with, but when the system failure, in the face of problems of the linux system can not start. Do not know when to use what command to check the system, this is the most helpless thing for many linux novice. In the final analysis, the theory of learning is not well combined with the actual operation of the system.

A lot of linux knowledge, such as the meaning of the parameters of each command, is very clear in books and seems easy to understand, but once combined, it is not so easy, without many hands-on exercises, the skills are impossible to master.

Unlike the hard disk of a computer, unless the hard disk is broken or formatted, the stored data will always and always be remembered on the hard disk. In the curve of human memory, you have to practice again and again in order to remember a thing better. Similarly, learning Linux is the same. If you can't learn often, you will learn the later and forget the previous one. Some linux beginners have also learned a lot of linux knowledge, but because they have not used it for a long time, they have forgotten what they have learned in a very short period of time. Over time, they have lost their confidence in learning.

It can be seen that to increase one's own Linux actual combat skills, only be diligent in hands-on, dare to practice, this is also the foundation of learning linux well.

2.3 learn to use linux online help

The technical support time of each Linux distribution is relatively short, which is often not enough for Linux beginners, in fact, when a complete Linux system is installed, it already contains a powerful help, but you may not have found and used their skills. For example, if you are not familiar with the use of a linux tar command, as long as you type man tar on the command line, you will get a detailed description and usage of tar

Mainstream linux distributions come with very detailed help documentation, including instructions and FAQ, from system installation to system maintenance, to system security, detailed documentation for different levels of people. After reading the document carefully, 60% of the problems can be solved here.

2.4 learn to think and solve problems independently

When you encounter a problem, the first thing that comes to mind is how to solve this problem by yourself. there are many ways to solve it, such as reading books, Internet search engines, technical forums, and so on. Through these ways, 90% of the problems can be solved. In this way, on the one hand, I exercise my ability to solve problems independently. On the other hand, the technology can also be improved rapidly.

If you can't solve it in the above way, you can ask someone to consider why you did it when you get the answer, and then take notes about the solution process. The most taboo way is to ask people whenever you encounter a problem, although it may solve the problem quickly, but if you encounter a problem for a long time, you will rely on others and will not make technical progress.

2.5 Learning Professional English

If you want to learn more about Linux, be sure to try to read English documents. Because, technical things are the best written, the most comprehensive documents are written in English, and the first released high and new technologies are also written in English. Even if people from non-English-speaking countries publish technical documents, they are first translated into English and published in international academic journals and networks. When you install a new software, look at README, then INSTALL, then FAQ, and finally install it, so you'll know why if you have a problem. Therefore, it is necessary to learn a little professional English.

2.6 basic steps of Linux Learning

Here, we summarize the learning roadmap of linux, for beginners as a reference.

The initial stage:

1. Commands must be learned, linux commonly used commands are about 80, these commonly used commands must be skillfully mastered.

2. Master the common installation methods of linux software package, such as source code installation, rpm installation and so on.

3. Learn to install device drivers (such as network card, video card driver)

4. Be familiar with Grub/Lilo bootstrap and simple repair operation.

5. Be familiar with the Linux file system and directory structure and the basic operation principle of linux.

6. Master vi,gcc,gdb and other common editors, compilers, debuggers.

7. Understand shell aliases, pipes, Imax O redirection, input and output, and shell simple scripting.

8. Learn the basic construction of the network under the Linux environment.

Advanced stage:

1: try to read the linux kernel source code:

This requires a certain language foundation of C and C++, because C and C++ are the core languages of linux/unix, and the system code is written in C.

2: try to compile, install and debug your own linux kernel:

After reading the source code to understand the underlying operation of linux, you can compile a suitable linux system.

3: learn more about scripting languages such as shell and perl,cgi:

These scripting languages are very powerful under linux, they can do anything you want, and proficiency in these languages can make you feel comfortable in linux.

4: build enterprise-level linux high availability cluster system:

There are many open source and free cluster software under linux. Using these free cluster software, we can build a cluster system comparable to the commercial unix system.

Original link: http://www.magedu.com/71799.html

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