Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

This article shows you what the computer hardware in windows has, which is concise and easy to understand, which can definitely brighten your eyes. I hope you can get something through the detailed introduction of this article.

The electronic digital integrator and computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical And Computer) developed by the University of Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1946 is the first electronic multi-purpose computer in the world. It is generally believed to be the ancestor of modern computers.

At the same time as the development of the ENIAC computer, Von Neumann cooperated with Moore's group to develop the EDVAC computer and adopted the storage program scheme. The later computers were all developed in this way, which is called the von Neumann computer.

Von Neumann computer architecture: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device and output device.

Arithmetical and Logical Unit: the part of a computer that performs various arithmetic and logical operations. The basic operation of the arithmetic unit includes four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, logic operations such as and, OR, no, XOR, and shift, comparison and transmission, also known as arithmetic logic units.

Controller (Control Unit): the controller is the control center of the whole computer system, which directs all parts of the computer to work harmoniously to ensure that the computer operates and processes according to the predetermined goals and steps.

Memory (Memory unit): the main function of memory is to store programs and all kinds of data information, and to access programs or data at high speed and automatically during the operation of the computer.

Input device (Input device): a device for inputting data and information to a computer. It is a bridge for communication between the computer and users or other equipment, and is one of the main devices for information exchange between users and computer systems. Common input devices are keyboard, mouse, graphics input board, video camera and so on.

Output device (Output Device): a terminal device of a computer hardware system, which is used to receive computer data output, display, print, sound, control peripheral equipment operation, and so on. It also shows all kinds of calculation result data or information in the form of numbers, characters, images, sounds and so on. The common output devices are display, printer, plotter, image output system, voice output system, magnetic recording equipment and so on.

Operating system (Operatinig System): a computer program that manages and controls computer hardware and software resources. It is the most basic system software that runs directly on "bare metal". Any other software can only be run with the support of the operating system.

Application software (application software): corresponding to the system software, it is a collection of various programming languages that users can use, as well as application programs compiled with various programming languages, which are divided into application software packages and user programs. The part of the software provided to meet the application needs of users in different areas and different problems. It can broaden the application field of computer system and enlarge the function of hardware.

Machine language: binary language, a language that can be recognized by machines

Low-level language: also known as microcode, or assembly language. The language that people can recognize is integrated into the chip, that is, the language that comes with the chip, and this language is not portable. There is also a compiler that compiles assembly language into binary so that the computer can recognize it.

High-level language: itself needs to be converted into assembly language and then translated into machine language. It is necessary to combine some additional mechanisms to run-in (an interface API library connecting the preceding and the following) the differences of the underlying chips.

Power-on self-test process: if the cpu wants to execute instructions, the instructions must be in memory, and the instructions must be placed in memory before they can be executed, but the computer does not know that there is a keyboard, monitor and so on at the moment of boot. Memory is volatile memory, there is no data and instructions in the boot, how to achieve it? Ok, which is realized with the help of peripheral devices (such as hard disk, etc.). At the moment of boot, the instructions in the chip are mapped to memory (which is accomplished by a hardware logic structure) before cpu can read the instructions for self-test.

Polling: the computer keeps looking at the peripherals. Inefficient.

Interrupt interrupt: after keystroke, call cpu, and then cpu stops work to check the keyboard. This mechanism is called interrupt mechanism. Cpu does not have to check the peripherals from time to time to see who is working and who notifies himself, and then cpu comes over to check. Here's the question: how does cpu know if it's a keyboard or mouse notification when it's interrupted? Quite simply, there is a control chip inside the computer. The control chip is connected to the cpu through pins, and each pin corresponds to a peripheral device.

North Bridge equipment: close to cpu, high-speed bus controller. It was used to connect memory in the early days. When tuning the hardware, the peripherals can be connected directly from the south bridge to the north bridge. Today, most of the memory is connected directly to the cpu, which is faster, and the north bridge is only responsible for connecting the south bridge.

South Bridge equipment: far away from cpu, low-speed bus controller. Used to connect peripherals in the early days. All peripherals are connected to the south bridge, and the south bridge is connected to the north bridge through a bus.

Program = instruction + data

Programs usually read from external memory to memory, and then cpu processes data (operations) on memory.

Program 1:system call is more efficient, but it is too low-level and difficult to program transplant.

The program 2:library call is the encapsulation of the system call, which provides a common basic module and is easy to program and transplant.

32-bit cpu (2 ^ 32) can access up to 4Gbyte memory capacity

Kernel: manage hardware and virtualize hardware resources to provide support for upper-level programs

Library (API): a program that does not have an execution entry, cannot be executed alone, and can only be run when called.

Operating system: a program, instructions, and data are stored in memory, managing hardware resources and monitoring all programs. When the computer presses the button: instruction transfer cpu-cpu is sent to the kernel-- parsed by the kernel is what the hardware does-- is sent to cpu

Multi-process: cpu fragmentation, memory segmentation to achieve multi-process and multi-task

The kernel and bios of the computer are placed in a specific location of memory.

Shell: human-computer interaction interface, user management interface.

GUI: gnome 、 kde 、 xface

CLI:sh 、 bash 、 csh 、 ksh 、 tsh...

What are the above contents of computer hardware in windows? have you learned any knowledge or skills? If you want to learn more skills or enrich your knowledge reserve, you are welcome to follow the industry information channel.

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