Shulou(Shulou.com)06/03 Report--

2.3Origin of Linux

2.3.1 History of Unix

Unix system was born in 1969 at Bell Labs in AT&T. In the 1970s, it gradually prevailed. During this period, it produced an important branch, that is, the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) system, which was born in about 1977. Starting from the BSD system, the major manufacturers and commercial companies began to develop Unix systems according to their own hardware architecture and based on BSD, resulting in various versions of Unix systems, such as SUN's Solaris,IBM, AIX,HP 's HP UNIX and so on.

2.3.2 five excellent features of Unix

Unix is a great operating system.

1) mature technology and high reliability

When using the Unix system, even if it runs continuously for several years without reboot, it still works very well. It is no exaggeration to say that as long as the computer hardware is not bad, it will be very difficult for Unix to go wrong.

2) extremely scalable

Unix supports many CPU processor architectures, including Intel/AMD and RISC chips such as HP-PA, MIPS, PowerPC, UltraSPARC, ALPHA, as well as SMP, MPP and other technologies.

Tip: since early vendors developed their own hardware based on Unix, Unix supports a lot of CPU architectures.

The noun explains:

RISC: full name Reduced Instruction-Set Computer, reduced instruction set computer

MIPS: the full name Microprocessor without interlocked piped stages architecture, which is also related to Millions of Instructions Per Second, is a processor architecture that uses reduced instruction set (RISC).

SMP: full name Symmetric Multiple Processor, symmetrical multiprocessor.

MPP: full name Massively Parallel Processor, massively parallel processor.

3) powerful network function

TCP/IP, the most important protocol of Internet Internet, was developed and developed on Unix. In addition, Unix also supports many commonly used network communication protocols, such as NFS, DCE, IPX/SPX, SLIP, PPP and so on.

4) strong database support capability

Oracle, DB2, Sybase, Informix and other large databases all take Unix as their main database development and running platform, which is still the case up to now.

5) powerful development function

It is Unix that promotes the birth of C language, promotes and develops each other, and becomes the preferred operating system and development environment for engineers. Almost all the significant new software technologies in the early days of the Internet appeared on Unix, such as TCP/IP, WWW, Java, XML and so on.

2.3.3 Revolution of Unix operating system

In the middle and late 1970s, because the Unix and built-in software developed by manufacturers and commercial companies were aimed at their own specific hardware, they basically could not run directly on the hardware of other companies, and no one was interested in developing systems based on X86 architecture CPU at that time. In addition, in the late 1970s, Unix was faced with a sudden major problem of copyright recovery by AT&T, especially the requirement to prohibit the provision of Unix system source code to student groups, which once caused panic in the Unix industry at that time, which led to commercial disputes.

As Unix faces the problem of copyright recovery and non-open source code, this directly or indirectly leads to the birth of new Unix-like systems and the establishment and development of free software movement.

In 1984, Richard Stallman launched a campaign to develop free software and established the Free Software Foundation (Free Software Foundation,FSF) and the GNU project. At that time, the purpose of launching this free software campaign and creating the GNU project was very simple, that is, to develop a complete operating system similar to the Unix system and free software, that is, to solve the copyright problem of Unix in the late 1970s and the problem of closed source software source code, this system is called the GNU operating system. But the GNU operating system didn't catch on. Today's GNU systems usually use the kernel of the Linux system and use some components contributed by the GNU project plus other related programs. This combination is called the GNU/Linux operating system.

Also in the early 1980s, due to the copyright and source code restrictions of the previous Unix system, there were great restrictions on teaching Unix system in the university at that time. Therefore, a university professor at that time (Andrew Tanenbaum Tan Bangning) probably began to write a new Unix system for teaching in 1984, with the goal of developing a new Unix system as compatible with the original Unix system as possible and running on the X86 PC platform, which is called Minix. However, Professor Tan Bangning's development of Minix system is only for teaching, and he is not willing to do further development.

2.3.4 the birth of Linux

The Linux system was born at the University of Helsinki in Finland and was developed by a college student named Linus Toravalds. When he was in college, he came into contact with the school's Unix system, but at that time, the Unix system was only a mainframe and corresponding to multiple terminals, and there were some uncomfortable problems such as long waiting time for operation, which could not meet the needs of Linus Torvalds, so he came up with the idea of developing a Unix system on his own. Soon, he installed Minix on his I386 personal computer. Since then, Torvalds began to read the source code of the Minix system one after another, and learned a lot of important system core program design ideas and design ideas from the Minix system, thus gradually began the prototype design and development of the Linux system.

Linux's mascot is a penguin named Tux.

2.3.5 the Development of Linux

1) A brief introduction to the development of Linux

1. In 1984, Andrew S.Tanenbaurn began to develop a Unix system for teaching, called Minix.

2. In 1989, Andrew S.Tanenbaurn ran the Minix system on the PC computer platform of X86.

3. In 1990, Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, was exposed to the Minix system for the first time.

4. In 1991, Linus Torvalds began to write various drivers and other operating system kernel components on Minix.

5. In 1991, Linus Torvalds released the Linux kernel source code version 0.02 (http://www.kernel.org). Note: the Linux kernel source code here is not all of the Linux system we use today, but only the kernel part of the Linux kernel.

6. In 1993, Linux 1.0 was released, and Linux turned to the GPL copyright agreement.

7. In 1994, Slackware, the first commercial release of Linux, was released.

8. In 1996, the computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology confirmed that Linux version 1.2.13 (packaged by Open Linux) conformed to the POSIX standard.

9. In 1999, a simplified Chinese distribution version of Linux was published.

10. After 2000, the Linux system has become more and more mature, and a large number of applications based on Linux server platform have emerged, which are widely used in embedded systems based on ARM technology.

2) relevant figures in the development of Linux

1. Ken Thompson (Ken-Thompson)-the father of C and Unix

two。 Dennis Ritchie (Dennis-Ritchie)-Father of C language and father of Unix

3. Richard Matthew Stallman (Richard Matthew Stallman)-famous founder of HeiKe-GNU

4. William Nelson Joey (William Nelson 喜悦)-BSD developer

5. Anderw S.Tanenbaum-Minix developers

6. Linus Benedict, father of Torvaz _ Linus Benedict Torvalds-Linux

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