Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

I would like to share with you what the hardware structure of the computer system is made up of. I believe most people don't know much about it, so share this article for your reference. I hope you will learn a lot after reading this article. Let's take a look at it!

The microprocessor chip of the microcomputer integrates a controller and an arithmetic unit; the hardware structure of the computer system is mainly composed of a controller, an arithmetic unit, memory and input and output devices, in which the controller and the arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processor.

A controller and an arithmetic unit are integrated on the microprocessor chip of the microcomputer.

The hardware structure of the computer system is mainly composed of four parts: controller, arithmetic unit, memory and input and output equipment, in which the controller and arithmetic unit are collectively called CPU. CPU for short. It is the command center of the computer hardware system. It includes two parts: the controller and the arithmetic unit, in which the function of the controller is to control the coordination of each part of the computer, and the arithmetic unit is responsible for the arithmetic operation and logic operation of the computer.

(1) arithmetic unit

1. Arithmetic logic operation unit ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

ALU mainly completes fixed-point arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division), logical operations (and or non-XOR) and shift operations for binary data. There are also shifters dedicated to handling shift operations in some CPU.

Usually ALU consists of two inputs and one output. Integer units are sometimes called IEU (Integer Execution Unit). What we usually say "CPU is XX bit" refers to the number of bits of data that ALU can handle.

2. Floating point operation unit FPU (Floating Point Unit)

FPU is mainly responsible for floating-point operations and high-precision integer operations. Some FPU also have the function of vector operation, while others have special vector processing units.

3. General register group

The general register group is the fastest set of memory used to hold the operands and intermediate results that participate in the operation.

In the design of general register, RISC is very different from CISC. CISC usually has few registers, mainly due to the hardware cost at that time. For example, the x86 instruction set has only eight general registers. Therefore, the CPU execution of CISC spends most of its time accessing data in memory rather than registers. This slows down the whole system. However, RISC systems often have a lot of general registers, and the technologies such as overlapping register window and register stack are used to make full use of register resources.

For the disadvantage that x86 instruction set only supports eight general registers, the latest CPU of Intel and AMD adopts a technology called "register renaming", which enables x86CPU registers to break through the limit of eight to 32 or more. However, compared to RISC, this technique requires an extra clock cycle for register operation, which is used to rename registers.

4. Special register

Special registers are usually status registers, which cannot be changed by the program and are controlled by CPU itself to indicate a certain state.

(2) Controller

The arithmetic unit can only complete the operation, while the controller is used to control the work of the whole CPU.

1. Instruction controller

The instruction controller is a very important part of the controller. It completes the operations such as fetching instructions and analyzing instructions, and then gives them to the execution unit (ALU or FPU) to execute. At the same time, it also forms the address of the next instruction.

2. Time sequence controller

The function of the timing controller is to provide control signals for each instruction in chronological order. The timing controller includes a clock generator and a frequency doubling definition unit, in which the clock generator emits a very stable pulse signal from a quartz crystal oscillator, which is the main frequency of the CPU, while the frequency doubling definition unit defines that the CPU main frequency is several times of the memory frequency (bus frequency).

3. Bus controller

The bus controller is mainly used to control the internal and external buses of CPU, including address bus, data bus, control bus and so on.

4. Interrupt controller

The interrupt controller is used to control all kinds of interrupt requests, and queue the interrupt requests according to the priority, and give them to the CPU one by one.

The above is all the contents of the article "what is the hardware structure of a computer system?" Thank you for reading! I believe we all have a certain understanding, hope to share the content to help you, if you want to learn more knowledge, welcome to follow the industry information channel!

Welcome to subscribe "Shulou Technology Information " to get latest news, interesting things and hot topics in the IT industry, and controls the hottest and latest Internet news, technology news and IT industry trends.