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This article focuses on "what are the key attributes of Kubernetes". Interested friends may wish to take a look. The method introduced in this paper is simple, fast and practical. Let's let the editor take you to learn what are the key attributes of Kubernetes.

"Cloud Native" is a term used to describe a container-based environment. Cloud native technologies are used to develop applications that are built using container-packaged services, deployed as micro-services, and managed on an elastic infrastructure through flexible DevOps processes and continuous delivery workflows.

While the operations team manually manages the infrastructure resource allocation for traditional applications, cloud native applications are deployed on an infrastructure that abstracts the underlying computing, storage, and network primitives. Developers and operators dealing with this new type of application do not directly interact with the API exposed by the infrastructure provider. Instead, the choreographer automatically allocates resources according to the strategy developed by the DevOps team. Controllers and schedulers are the basic components of the orchestration engine, which deal with resource allocation problems and the life cycle of the application.

Native cloud platforms like Kubernetes use a flat network that covers the existing network topologies and primitives of cloud providers. Similarly, the local storage layer is usually abstracted to expose the logical volumes integrated with the container. Operators can assign storage quotas and network policies that developers and resource administrators can access. Infrastructure abstraction not only addresses portability requirements across cloud environments, but also allows developers to leverage emerging patterns to build and deploy applications. Regardless of the underlying infrastructure based on physical servers or virtual machines, private or public clouds, the orchestration manager will be a deployment target.

Kubernetes is an ideal platform for running cloud native application workloads. It has become the de facto operating system of the cloud, just as Linux is the operating system of the underlying machine. As long as developers follow their best practices as microservices for cloud native applications when designing and developing software, DevOps teams can package and deploy them in Kubernetes. Here are 10 key attributes that developers should keep in mind when designing cloud native applications.

1. Packaged as lightweight containers: cloud native applications are a collection of independent autonomous services packaged as lightweight containers. Unlike virtual machines, containers can be expanded and scaled down quickly. The infrastructure utilization can be optimized by moving the expansion unit to the container.

2. Develop in the best language and framework: every service of a cloud native application is developed in the language and framework that best suits this function. Cloud native applications are multilingual and services use a variety of different languages, runtimes, and frameworks. For example, developers can build real-time streaming services based on WebSockets developed in Node.js, while selecting Python and Flask to expose API. The fine-grained approach to developing micro-services enables them to choose the best language and framework for specific tasks.

3. Micro-services designed as loosely coupled: services belonging to the same application discover each other through the application runtime. They exist independently of other services. When properly integrated, elastic infrastructure and application architecture can scale efficiently and with high performance.

Loosely coupled services allow developers to work independently of other services when dealing with each service. With this separation, developers can focus on the core functions of each service to provide fine-grained functionality. This approach enables effective lifecycle management of the entire application because each service is maintained independently and has clear ownership.

4. API-centric interaction and collaboration: cloud native services use lightweight API, and these API are based on protocols such as REST, gRPC or NATS. REST is often used as the lowest common denominator for exposing API through HTTP. To improve performance, gRPC is commonly used for internal communication between services. NATS has publish-subscribe function, which enables asynchronous communication within the application.

5. Clear separation of stateless and stateful services in the architecture: durable services usually follow different patterns to ensure higher availability and resilience. Stateless service and stateful service exist independently of each other. Storage affects the use of containers. We must increasingly consider persistence in different contexts such as stateless, stateless, and microstorage environments (which some may find controversial).

Isolation from server and operating system dependencies: cloud native applications are not associated with any particular operating system or a single computer. They run at a higher level of abstraction. The only exception is that microservices require certain functions, including solid-state drives (SSD) and graphics processing units (GPU), which may be provided exclusively by some machines.

7. Deploy on a self-service elastic cloud infrastructure: cloud native applications are deployed on a virtual, shared, and resilient infrastructure. They can be consistent with the underlying infrastructure to dynamically grow and shrink-self-adjusting according to different loads.

8. Manage through agile DevOps processes: each service of a cloud native application goes through an independent life cycle and is managed through agile DevOps processes. Multiple continuous integration / continuous delivery (CI / CD) pipelines can work together to deploy and manage cloud native applications.

9. Automation: cloud native applications can be highly automated. They complement the concept of Infrastructure as Code. Enterprises need a degree of automation to manage large and complex applications.

10. Defined, policy-driven resource allocation: finally, cloud native applications are consistent with the governance model defined through a set of policies. They follow policies such as CPU and storage quotas, as well as network policies that allocate resources to services. For example, in an enterprise scenario, a central IT can define policies to allocate resources to each department. Developers and DevOps teams in each department have full access to and ownership of their resource sharing.

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