Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

Rpm of package Management in Linux system

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Overview:

The content of this chapter: software running environment, software package foundation, rpm package management, yum management, custom yum repository, compilation and installation.

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Software running environment

★ API:Application Programming Interface (Application Development Interface)

☉ POSIX:Portable OS (International Standard)

Program source code-- > preprocessing-- > compilation-- > assembly-- > link

★ ABI:Application Binary Interface (Application binary Program Interface)

☉ Windows is not compatible with Linux

Linux: file format: ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)

Win: file format: exe,msl PE (Portable Executable)

☉ Library level Virtualization

Linux:WINE (provides a library to simulate windows and runs a win environment)

Windows:Cywin (provides the operating environment for linux)

★ development language:

☉ system-level development:

C _ blank + (dependent on the c library)

Httpd,nginx,vsftpd,go

☉ application-level development:

Java (dependent on jvm virtual machine)

Python (openstack Cloud Station), php,perl (dependent on per interpreter), ruby

★ program format

☉ cripple +

Source code: program code in text format

Compiler development environment: compiler, header file, development library

Binary format: program code in text format-> compiler-> binary format (binary program, library file, configuration file, help file),

☉ java/Python

Source code: compiles a format that can run on its virtual machine (jvm/pvm)

Development environment: compiler, development library

Binary system

★ project building tools

C/c++:make

Jave:maven

Package management

1. Overview:

Components of a ★ binary application:

Binaries, library files, configuration files, help files

★ package Management:

Source code-- > target binary format (binaries, library files, configuration files, help files)-- > organized into one or a limited number of "package files" (install, upgrade, uninstall, query, check)

☉ package Manager:

Deblan:dpt,dpkg is suffixed with ".deb"

Redhat:rpm (redhat package manager) with the suffix ".rpm"

S.u.S.E:rpm, ".rpm" command

★ package naming format

☉ source code: name-VERSION.tar.gz | bz2 | xz

ERSION: major (major version). Minor (minor version). Release (release number)

☉ rpm package naming format: name-VERSION-release.arch.rpm

VERSION:major.minor.release.arc

Release:rpm package release number

Changelog documentation (related documentation for content repair improvements)

Common arch:

X86: i386, i486, i586, i686

X86_64: x64, x86_64, amd64powerpc: ppc

Platform independent: noarch (for all platforms)

Example:

Bash-4.2.46-19.el7.x86_64.rpm

Release:release.OS

★ packages: classifying and unpacking

Application-VERSION-ARCH.rpm: main package

Application-devel-VERSION-ARCH.rpm: developing subpackages

Application-utils-VERSION-ARHC.rpm: other subpackages

Application-libs-VERSION-ARHC.rpm: other subpackages

Between ☉ packages: there may be dependencies, even circular dependencies

Automatically resolve dependency package management front-end tools:

Front-end tools for yum:rpm package manager

Apt-get:deb package Manager front-end tools

Rpm front-end management tools on zypper:suse

Dnf:Fedora 18 + rpm package Manager front-end management tools

two。 Library files:

★ looks at the library files that the binary depends on:

Ldd / PATH/TO/BINARY_FILE

★ manages and views library files loaded on this machine:

Ldconfig

/ sbin/ldconfig-p: displays all available library file names and file path mapping relationships that have been cached on this machine

Configuration file: / etc/ld.so.conf, / etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

Cache file: / etc/ld.so.cache

3. Package Manager:

★ package Manager:

☉ function:

Package one or more package files from each component file of the compiled application, so as to easily and quickly realize the management operations such as installation, uninstallation, query, upgrade and verification of the package.

☉ package composition manifest: (each package is implemented separately)

List of files in the RPM package

RPM metadata, such as name, version, dependency, description, etc.

Scripts that run when installing or uninstalling

☉ Database (Public)

Path: / var/lib/rpm

Package name and version

Dependency relationship

Function description

File path and check code information generated after package installation

3. Source of the package:

How ★ manages packages:

Use the package manager: rpm

Use front-end tools: yum, dnf

The way ★ gets the package:

☉ system development version of CD-ROM or official server (or CentOS image site)

Https://www.centos.org/download/

Http://mirrors.aliyun.com

Http://mirrors.sohu.com

Http://mirrors.163.com

☉ project official site

☉ third-party organizations:

Fedora-EPEL:Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux

Recommended by Rpmforge:RHEL, the package is very complete

Search engine:

Http://pkgs.org

Http://rpmfind.net

Http://rpm.pbone.net

Https://sourceforge.net/

☉ made it himself.

Note: check its legitimacy: source legitimacy, package integrity

Detailed explanation of rpm Command Management package

Overview of 1.rpm syntax and options:

★ rpm:

Install, upgrade, uninstall, query and verify, database maintenance (all through the rpm command)

☉ syntax:

Rpm [OPTIONS] [PACKAGE_FILE]

☉ options:

-imam Musi install: install

-Umam MusicUPDAT: upgrade

-eMagneWhile: uninstall

-qrecom Mutual query: query

-VMagneWhile: verification

-- builddb,--initdb: database maintenance

two。 Installation and suboptions:

★ syntax:

Rpm {- I |-- install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...

☉ options:

-v:verbose displays details

-vv: more detailed output

-h: hash marks outputs progress bars; each # indicates 2% progress

-- test: test installation, check and report dependencies and conflicts, but do not actually perform installation; called dry run (dry run) mode

-- nodeps: ignore dependencies and are not recommended

-- replacepkgs: replace the original package and reinstall (delete the original configuration file and then reinstall it)

-- nosignature: do not check package signature information or source validity

-- nodigest: do not check package integrity

Note: rpm comes with four types of scripts (--noscripts)

% pre: pre-installation script;-- nopre

% post: post-installation script;-- nopost

% preun: pre-uninstall script;-- nopreun

% postun: script after uninstallation;-- nopostun

☉ actually installs the commands used to perform the operation

Rpm-ivh PACKAGE_FILE

3. Upgrade and suboptions:

★ syntax:

Rpm {- U |-- upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...

Rpm {- F |-- freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...

Note:

-U (upgrade): if there is an old version of the package installed, "upgrade" if there is no old version of the package, then "install"

-F (freshen): installed with

If the legacy package does not exist, the upgrade operation will not be performed

★ upgrade command:

Rpm-Uvh PACKAGE_FILE...

Rpm-Fvh PACKAGE_FILE...

-- oldpackage: degraded (rollback operation)

-- force: force upgrade

Note:

Do not upgrade the kernel; Linux supports the coexistence of multiple kernel versions, so you can install a new version of the kernel directly

If the configuration file of the source package has been modified after installation, the same configuration file provided by the new version will not directly overwrite the old version of the configuration file during the upgrade, but the new version of the file will be renamed (FILENAME.rpmnew) and retained.

4. Uninstall and suboptions:

★ function:

Remove installed packages

★ syntax:

Rmp {- e |-- erase} [--allmatches] [--nodeps] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME

Note:

Uninstall and query is the name of the package, because the package already exists; while installation and upgrade, the package does not exist, so it is the file path of the package

Simple usage of ★

Rpm-e PACKAGE_NAME...

☉ options:

-- allmatches: uninstalls all versions of packages with matching names

-- nodeps: ignore dependencies

-- test: test uninstall, dry run mode

5. Query:

★ syntax:

Rpm {- Q |-- query} [select-options] [query-options]

☉ [select-options] pick option

-Q PACKAGE_NAME: query whether a package or some packages are installed

-qa: query all installed packages

-qf FILE: check which package installs and generates the specified file

-p PACKAGE_FILE: query for package files that have not been installed

-- whatprovides CAPABILITY (capability): query which package provides the specified CAPABILITY

-- whatrequires CAPABILITY: query which package the specified CAPABILITY is dependent on

Rpm2cpio package files | cpio-itv preview of files in the package

Rpm2cpio package files | cpio-id "* .conf" releases files in the package

☉ [query-options] query options

-- changelog: query the changelog (change record) of the rpm package

-c: query the configuration file of the specified package

-d: query the help documents generated after the package installation is complete

-qi,-info: package related information, version number, size, package group to which it belongs, etc.

-lmaine Meltel list: view the list of all files generated after the specified package is installed.

-- scripts: view the script snippets that come with the package

-Rmaine Mushroom: query the CAPABILITY on which the specified package depends

-- provides: lists the CAPABILITY provided by the specified package

Common combined usage of ☉:

-qi PACKAGE;-qf FILE;-qc PACJAGE;-ql PACKAGE;-qd PACKAGE;- qpi PACKAGE_FILE;-qpl PACKAGE_FILE;-qpc PACKAGE_FILE,..

Demo:

[root@centos7] # rpm-Q treetree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 [root@centos7] # rpm-ql tree/usr/bin/tree/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0/LICENSE/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0/README/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz [root@centos7] # rpm-qf / etc/fstab setup-2. 8.71-6.el7.noarch [root@centos7 ~] # rpm-qc bash/etc/skel/.bash_logout/etc/skel/.bash_profile/etc/skel/ .bashrc [root @ centos7 ~] # rpm-qi bashName: bashVersion: 4.2.46Release: 19.el7Architecture: x86_64Install Date: Sunday, November 6, 2016 18:31:30 Group: System Environment/ShellsSize: 3663618License: GPLv3+Signature: RSA/SHA256 Wednesday, 25 November 2015, 22:14:53 Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5Source RPM: bash-4.2.46-19.el7.src.rpmBuild Date: Friday, November 20, 2015 13:04:53 Build Host: worker1.bsys.centos.orgRelocations: (not relocatable) Packager: CentOS BuildSystem Vendor: CentOSURL: http://www.gnu.org/software/bashSummary: The GNU Bourne Again shellDescription: The GNU Bourne Again shell (Bash) is a shell or command languageinterpreter that is compatible with the Bourne shell (sh). Bashincorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell (csh). Most sh scripts can be run by bash without modification. [root@centos7 ~] # rpm-qc httpd/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf/etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf/etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-dav.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-lua.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm .conf / etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-proxy.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-systemd.conf/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-cgi.conf/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/etc/httpd/conf/magic/etc/logrotate.d/httpd/etc/sysconfig/htcacheclean/etc/sysconfig/httpd [root@centos7 ~] # rpm-qd httpd/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/ABOUT_APACHE/usr/ Share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/CHANGES/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/LICENSE/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/NOTICE/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/README/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/VERSIONING/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-dav.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-default.conf/usr/ Share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-info.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-languages.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-manual.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-mpm.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-multilang-errordoc.conf/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-vhosts.conf/ Usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/proxy-html.conf/usr/share/man/man8/apachectl.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/fcgistarter.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/htcacheclean.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/httpd.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/rotatelogs.8.gz/usr/share/man/man8/suexec.8.gz

6. Check:

★ syntax:

Rpm {- V |-- verify} [select-options] [verify-options]

Common uses of ☉:

Rpm-V PACHAGE_NAME

When there is no output result, it indicates the complete ok of the package. When there is a corresponding result output, the corresponding content has been modified, and the details are as follows:

S:file Size differs (whether the capacity size of the file has been changed)

Whether the type or property of the M:Mode differs (includes permissions and file type) file has been changed

5:digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs. This is a fingerprint. The content is different.

The primary / secondary code of the D:Device major/minor number mismatch device has been changed

L:readLink (2) path mismatch path has been changed

The owner of the U: User ownership differs file has been changed

The group of the G:Group ownership differs file has been changed

The creation time of the T:mTimediffers file has been changed

P:capabilities differ

★ package source validity verification and integrity verification:

Integrity verification: SHA256

Verification of Source legitimacy: RSA

☉ gets and imports the secret key of the trusted package maker

For CentOS distributions: rpm--import / etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

◆ authentication:

Verification is performed automatically when you install a program signed by this organization

Manual verification: rpm-K PACKAGE_FILE

◆ encryption method:

Public key encryption:

Symmetric encryption: encrypt and decrypt using the same key

Asymmetric encryption: keys are paired

Public key: public key, public owner

Secret key: private key, cannot be made public

◆ imports the required public key:

Rpm-K | checksigrpmfile: check the integrity and signature of the package

Rpm--import / etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

Available on the CentOS 7 distribution CD: RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

Rpm-qagpg-pubkey*

Demo:

[root@centos7] # rpm-V httpd missing c / etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.confS.5....T. C / etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

7. Database Reconstruction:

★ rpm database path:

/ var/lib/rpm

Query operation: get the database here

★ usage:

Rpm {--initdb |-- rebuilddb}

☉ options:

-- initdb: initializes the database. If there is currently no database, create a new database; sometimes no action is performed.

-- rebuilddb: rebuild. Whether it currently exists or not, the database will be recreated directly.

☉ gets help

CentOS6 man rpm

CentOS7 man rpmdb

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