Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

In January 2019, at the DLD International Innovation Conference (Digital Life Design), two science and technology guests were interviewed by Wired magazine on the topic of "Great opportunities for Web 3.0".

One of them is Juan Benet, the founder of IPFS, who elaborated on the Web3.0 network, Internet protocol and blockchain development. When the beautiful host asks questions, he can answer fluently, which shows that he is well prepared and full of self-confidence. The person who came with him for the interview was a woman sitting next to him. She is a little cramped, and when the host throws out a question, she is a little nervous, incoherent, and always interrupts herself.

Maybe she was ill-prepared, or maybe the audience was full of world-famous figures in the field of digital economy, and she was a little restless. When she is about to finish a sentence, she always unconsciously turns her head to the Juan Benet next to her and picks up the water cup in front of her. Because she seems to want to get someone to answer the phone as soon as possible to release this temporary cramping. Compared with the person next to him who has already received an investment of 257 million US dollars, it is conceivable that he is in an international conference.

Even so, it can't hide her strength. She is the founder and CEO of Parity Technologies (Parity Tech for short) with a doctorate. And she used to be the great god of the blockchain project, Etay Fong, as director of security and audit.

The beginning of ambition: one-click hair chain with frame

Since the evolution of the blockchain to 3.0, the exploration of the underlying protocols and application development of the blockchain has never stopped.

To this end, Parity Tech developed Substrate, an open source project that anyone can use the Substrate framework to build new blockchain projects. If the ERC pass model introduced by Etay Fang can achieve "one-click hair chain", then Substrate is a "one-button hair chain".

In fact, the cross-chain approach has been used in centralized exchanges, but the problems such as asset theft and platform manipulation cannot be eliminated. Only using the technology based on decentralized protocol like Substrate can really solve the insecure problem of encrypted digital asset conversion. Substrate absorbs the advantages of the top block chain and integrates powerful functions. It is a blockchain development framework that can send chains with one click. This is naturally reminiscent of Ethernet Square. In fact, the two are quite related.

Speaking of Etay Square, many people will think of Vitalik Buterin. In fact, one is the soul of Ether Fong-Gavin Wood (Gavenwood), a PhD in computer science and a hidden god in the real world. He co-founded the etheric Fong project with God V and served as CTO (Technical Director) of Ethernet Fong. Gavin Wood invented the Solidity language to write smart contracts, which is the biggest difference between ethernet and bitcoin. The introduction of smart contracts made Taifang explode completely.

Photo: the two co-founders of Substrate are both PhDs

After Gavin Wood, a great god developer, left Ether Fong, he took Jutta Steiner and other partners with him and co-founded Parity Tech. The new team has the genes of Etay Square from the very beginning. After that, the team developed a powerful blockchain development framework-Substrate, which aims to solve the problems existing in the existing blockchain technology and connect the fragmented blockchain network.

Five key problems of existing Block chain Technology

At present, there are three main ecosystems formed by blockchain networks: Bitcoin, Ethernet Square, and EOS. However, almost every block chain project, user, miner, DApp and so on has formed an independent ecological kingdom. They are like more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are separated from each other. In a sense, they violate the characteristics of the decentralization of block chain, resulting in a more closed and isolated form, which seriously restricts the development of block chain technology.

Five key issues in the current blockchain technology stack:

◆ 1. Lack of scalability

Despite the promise of a decentralized world, the existing blockchain technology does not have sufficient capacity to meet a large and necessary trading volume.

◆ 2. Governance sacrifices the interests of most people

The existing blockchain governance focuses on POW workload proof and POS interest proof, mistakenly at the expense of most people at the expense of meeting the interests of a few people.

◆ 3. Isolation between blockchain networks

Blockchain networks are isolated from each other, and communication or interoperability is isolated. Bitcoin cannot communicate with Ethernet Fong, while Ethernet cannot communicate with private chains. This phenomenon is widespread.

◆ 4. Limited development

The creation of DApp decentralized applications is limited by a lack of integration because there is neither scalability nor interoperability in the ecosystem.

◆ 5. Insufficient applicability of application

Due to the lack of scalability, interoperability and developability, it is impossible to realize the application at the consumer level. Blockchain has not yet bridged the gap from core technology to practical application, but it is still a theoretical problem rather than a practical one.

Why is the interworking between blockchain networks so important? Because it can break the isolation of existing networks and establish the exchange of assets on the chain of multiple networks.

At this time, the cross-chain appeared. The so-called cross-chain (Cross Chain) is the technology of value exchange in different block chain networks. Crossing the chain is like digging the Panama Canal to quickly connect and merge two unfamiliar waters.

Cross-chain continuous tense

Substrate itself is a framework and platform, in order to better support the connectivity between blockchain networks, it is necessary to build a new blockchain network. Gavin Wood led the team to design Polkadot based on the Substrate framework, which is a network connected through a trunk chain to allow cross-chain facilities to communicate efficiently. Polkadot 1. 0 will be officially launched in 2019.

In Polkadot, one of the key construction technologies is called Parachain (parallel chain), which refers to the use of chain relay to achieve the interaction between block chains. Polkadot has shared security to avoid other cross-chain double-flower transactions. Parallel chains are also universal, and there are no unnecessary restrictions and constraints. Parallel chains connected to Polkadot are specialized block chains, and each parallel chain has its own unique characteristics and autonomous sovereignty. The interaction of the chain is processed in parallel, thus realizing a highly scalable system. Transactions can be distributed across chains, allowing more transactions to be processed at the same time. Here, due to the role of parallel chains, between block chains is like having an Internet.

However, no matter which system or network it is, the entry of a large number of developers is bound to bring greater market share and better development.

Application of parallel chain

Just like Etay Fong has captured a large number of developers by building an ecosystem around intelligent contracts and permits. The emergence of parallel chain Parachain is regarded as the evolution direction of the next generation block chain technology.

At present, the Parachain parallel chain technology is also used in the IPSE network, the main chain is responsible for value settlement based on DPos, while the parallel chain is mainly responsible for value transactions. A key feature of parallel chains is that the computing they perform is essentially heterogeneous and independent.

What is the difference between this and the previous blockchain trading mechanism? For traditional systems, transactions can not be determined whether they conflict with each other, so parallel transactions can only be executed sequentially, and a lot of computing time and valuable resources are wasted. While parallel chains are different, all transactions between parallel chains can be executed immediately without fear of conflict. For example, there are now 10 parallel chains (such as bridging ETH\ Bitcoin\ IPSE and other networks) that can achieve the same security and perform 10 times as many tasks. Because IPSE is an IPFS-based search engine, the underlying storage depends on the IPFS interstellar file system, which combines the hash address of resources with text tags through hash tagging. According to the traditional transaction processing mechanism, each storage and tagging need to submit information sequentially. The introduction of parallel chains allows IPSE to get the most efficient solution for data storage and transaction operations.

Similarly, not only the Polkadot network, but also the upcoming blockbuster project, the Filecoin network, can also be bridged between parallel chains and IPSE networks to achieve interaction between different chains.

The main technology

Why does Polkadot's cross-chain technology attract so much attention? The big reason is that it uses the best technology.

1. Use the world-changing language Rust

A shockingly efficient programming language, Polkadot is based on the fast and reliable features of Rust integration. Facebook's cryptocurrency network, Libra, is also developed in Rust.

two。 Use industry standard WebAssembly architecture

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a project jointly developed by Mozilla, Google, Microsoft and Apple. It executes low-level binary syntax through Web, compiling high-level languages (Cregorian + and Rust) to WebAssembly so that it can be run in a browser. It is characterized by geometric performance improvement, fast flexibility and portability. In 2015, the big four browser vendors (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) all supported WebAssembly by default, and this technology later made a splendor in the field of front-end high-performance development.

3. Using IPFS underlying core Libp2p protocol

The Substrate framework (and the Polkadot network) uses Libp2p-- 's modular P2P protocol stack and is the core of the IPFS core. The IPFS protocol was developed by the Juan Benet team at the beginning of the article.

Libp2p is positioned as the standard for future decentralized applications, a flexible cross-platform network framework for peer-to-peer applications. Can handle the discovery and communication of peers in the Polkadot ecosystem. As the underlying technology, Libp2p needs to achieve: no longer need to develop TCP/IP protocol, as long as there is the possibility of a link between the two devices, regardless of the environment of the equipment and the running protocol, Libp2p can make the interconnection of devices become a reality and achieve interstellar interconnection.

Libp2p supports multiple projects, such as Ethernet Square 2.0 (in progress), Substrate (Polkadot), Agoric and, of course, IPFS incentive layer Filecoin.

As a point-to-point distributed storage hypermedia transmission protocol, IPFS is essentially a decentralized Internet system oriented to Web3.0. In particular, its Filecoin decentralized distributed storage network will change the existing form of the Internet, and great changes in the field of cloud computing are inevitable. IPFS/Filecoin fundamentally changes the way of data storage, combined with the distributed search of IPSE, will also change the existing way of information retrieval and search. The cross-chain innovation of Substrate framework and Polkadot network brings unlimited possibilities for Internet science and technology.

As the co-founder and CEO of Parity Tech, Jutta Steiner also depicts a new form of the future.

"what we are doing at Parity Tech is a whole new way of building online services, which is a more open, peer-to-peer approach that allows users to interact with more autonomy."

Like every ambitious project, there is an ambitious start, with tiredness and hindrance in the middle. The segmentation state of the existing block chain will be broken by the cross-chain technology represented by Substrate and Polkadot, coupled with the rapid entry of application ecology such as IPSE, this process will be accelerated. So, the burnout period broke through the barrier, climbing the mountains will be the plain, the sea, or the new ups and downs?

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