Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

1. Several methods of locating elements

Find_element_by_id (priority, commonly used), corresponding to the id attribute

Find_element_by_name (priority, commonly used), corresponding to the name attribute

Find_element_by_class_name, which corresponds to the value of the class attribute

Find_element_by_tag_name, which corresponds to the tag name, such as input,p,span,title,body....

Find_element_by_link_text, which corresponds to the hyperlinked text content

Find_element_by_partial_link_text, which corresponds to the text content of some hyperlinks

Find_element_by_xpath, which corresponds to the path of the element, which can be obtained through the firebug tool

Find_element_by_css_selector, located through the css attribute, class uses. Id uses #

Example:

Driver.find_element_by_css_selector (".s _ ipt") .send_keys ("selenium")

Driver.find_element_by_css_selector ("# su") .click ()

2.By positioning

Find_element (By.ID, "kw")

Find_element (By.NAME, "wd")

Find_element (By.CLASS_NAME, "s_ipt")

Find_element (By.TAG_NAME, "input")

Find_element (By.LINK_TEXT,u News)

Find_element (By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT,u "new")

Find_element (By.XPATH, "/ / * [@ class='bg slicbtn']")

Find_element (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "span.bg s_btn_wr > input#su")

3. Several browser operations

Description: to operate the browser, you need to put the browser plug-in directory into the environment variable, otherwise you can't find it.

From selenium import webdriver

Driver = webdriver.Ie ()-- IE browser, plug-in named IEDriverServer.exe

Driver = webdriver.Firefox ()-- Firefox browser, plug-in named geckodriver.exe

Driver = webdriver.Chrome ()-Google browser, plug-in named chromedriver.exe

Driver = webdriver.Edge ()-Edge browser (included with windows10 system) without plug-ins

Operate 360 browser:

The browser kernel is based on chrome browser, so the plug-in also uses chromedriver.exe, but you have to configure it.

Chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions ()

Chrome_options.binary_location = r "C:\ Users\ kevin\ AppData\ Roaming\ 360se6\ Application\ 360se.exe" # this is the path to the 360 secure browser

Chrome_options.add_argument # add some startup parameters here

D = webdriver.Chrome (chrome_options=chrome_options)

4. Control browser

Set width and height: driver.set_window_size (400500),-set width 400, height 500

Set full screen: driver.maximize_windows ()

Forward: driver.forward ()

Back: driver.back ()

Refresh the current page: driver.refresh ()

5. Element operation to which you navigate

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .click ()-Click action

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .clear ()-- clear operation, clear the contents of the text box

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .send_keys (' 123')-enter data into the text box

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .submit ()-- submit operation, which is equivalent to enter. If you enter the content in the search box, execute this method to directly perform the search action.

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .size ()-- gets the size of the element

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .text-- gets the text of the element

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx'). Get_attribute (' id')-- gets the id attribute, which can be obtained by this method, such as name,id,type,class.

Driver.find_element_by_xx ('xx') .is_displayed ()-gets whether the element is visible, returns True if visible, otherwise False

6. Mouse event

Common methods for mouse operation are provided in the Actions class

Perform ()-- executes the behavior stored in all Actions classes

Context_click ()-right click

Double_click ()-double click

Drap_and_drop ()-drag

Move_to_element-hover

Call example:

Context_click ()

From selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains ActionChainsdriver = webdriver.Ie () right_click = driver.find_element_by_id () ActionChains (driver). Context_click (right_click). Perform ()

Other method calls are the same as above, but just change the method

7. Keyboard operation

Analog key combination CTRL+A,CTRL+C, etc.

From selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

Backspace key Keys.BACK_SPACE-driver.find_elemennt_by_id (') .send_keys (Keys.BACK_SPACE)

Space bar Keys.SPACE-driver.find_elemennt_by_id ('') .send_keys (Keys.SPACE)

Enter CTRL+A-driver.find_elemennt_by_id ('') .send_keys (Keys.CONTROL,'a')

Enter key-driver.find_elemennt_by_id ('') .send_keys (Keys.ENTER)

8. Set element wait

Explicitly wait:

Always detect and wait for an element to appear or disappear. If the maximum length condition has not been established, a timeout exception is thrown.

From selenium import webdriver

From selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

From selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

Driver = webdriver.Ie ()

Driver.get ("https://www.baidu.com")"

Element = WebDriverWait (driver,5,0.5). Until (

EC.presence_of_ element_located ((By.id, "kw"))

)

Element.send_keys ('hello')

5: indicates the maximum waiting time

0.5: detection interval, that is, how often is the test (in seconds)

Until: there is also a until not until the condition in parentheses is established

Implicit wait:

Driver.implicitly_wait (10), in seconds, is not set to 0 by default. It is generally written at the beginning of the use case and is valid for the entire use case. When locating an element, if the element is not loaded, it cannot be located. This method will always detect within the set time, and proceed down as soon as it is detected, otherwise a timeout exception will be thrown.

Sleep hibernation:

Forced to wait for a period of time

Import time

Time.sleep (10)

9. Locate a set of elements

Find_elements_by_xx, just like locating a single element, but element is elements

Example: check all checkbox

Checkboxs = driver.find_elements_by_tag_name ("input")

For checkbox in checkboxs:

If checkbox.get_attribute ("type") = = "checkbox":

Checkbox.click ()

10. Operation drop-down selection box

Methods:

Select:

Select_by_index ()-through the index

Select_by_value ()-- through the value value

Select_by_visiable_text ()-- through the displayed text

Reverse election:

Deselect_by_index ()-through the index

Deselect_by_value ()-- through the value value

Deselect_by_visiable_text ()-- through the displayed text

Deselect_all ()-deselect all

Example:

Show text 1

Show text 2

Show text 3

Select an example:

Select_by_index (1)-through the index

Select_by_value ('o2')-- through the value value

Select_by_visiable_text ('display text 2')-- through the displayed text

Complete example:

From selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

Select = Select (driver.find_element_by_id ("sid"))

Select.select_by_index (1)

11. Multi-form switching

Many pages have form nesting, so it is impossible to navigate directly to elements in other forms from one form, so you need to switch forms.

F = driver.find_element_by_id ("fr")-navigate to the form where id is fr. The positioning method is universal.

Driver.switch_to.frame (f)-switch to the form where id is fr

Jump to the outermost form when the operation is complete: driver.switch_to.default_content ()

twelve。 Multi-window switching

Get the handle of the current window: current_handle = driver.current_window_handle

Get all windows handle: handles = driver.window_handles

Switch to another window

For hand in handles:

If hand! = current_handle:

Driver.swith_to.window (hand)-Toggle window

13. Pop-up window processing

For the pop-up window of alert,prompt,confirm, you can use driver.switch_to_alert () to capture and deal with it.

Methods:

Text-returns the text message of the pop-up window

Accept ()-- accept the pop-up window, that is, click OK

Dismiss ()-cancel the pop-up window

Call example:

Driver.switch_to_alert () .accept ()-Click OK

14. Upload files

Method 1: directly enter the file path into the text box through the send_keys () method, and click the submit button.

Method 2: package the operation process into an exe file through the AutoIt tool, and then call it through python

15. Manipulate cookie

Get all cookie: driver.get_cookies ()

Get the cookie: driver.get_cookie ('xx') named xx

Add cookie: driver.add_cookie (dict)-the parameter is a dictionary object

Delete all cookie: driver.delete_all_cookies ()

16. Call JavaScript

Js = "window.scrollTo (100450);"

Driver.execute_script (js)

17. Deal with HTM5 video playback

Example:

Video = driver.find_element_by_xpath ("body/Section [1] / div/video")

Driver.execute_script ("return arguments [0] .play ()", video)-play

Driver.execute_script ("return arguments [0] .pause ()", video)-pause

18. Window screenshot

Driver.get_screenshot_as_file ("D:\ xxx\ xx.png")

19. Close the window

Driver.close ()-close the current window

Driver.quit ()-close all windows

20. CAPTCHA processing

1. Remove the CAPTCHA

two。 Set universal verification code

3. Use cookie

4. CAPTCHA recognition

5. The CAPTCHA is stored in cookie

21. To manipulate a browser that is already open, take chrome as an example

1. Start the browser manually, in debug mode

C:\ Program Files (x86) > chrome.exe-- remote-debugging-port=9222

two。 Add selenium configuration

Options = webdriver.ChromeOptions ()

Options.debugger_address (options)

Driver = webdriver.Chrome (options)

The rest will operate as normal as before.

Problems encountered and solutions:

1. The following error is reported

Selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: call function result missing 'value'

(Session info: chrome=75.0.3770.142)

(Driver info: chromedriver=2.33.506120 (e3e53437346286c0bc2d2dc9aa4915ba81d9023f), platform=Windows NT 10.0.17134 x861664)

Solution:

This is due to a mismatch between the versions of chromedriver and chrome browsers, with the following matching information:

Chromedriver supported Chrome version v2.41v67-69v2.40v66-68v2.39v66-68v2.38v65-67v2.37v64-66v2.36v63-65v2.35v62-64v2.34v61-63v2.33v60-62v2.32v59-61v2.31v58-60v2.30v58-60v2.29v56-58v2.28v55-57v2.27v54-56v2.26v53-55v2.25v53-55v2.24v52-54v2.23v51-53v2.22v49-52v2.21v46-50v2.20v43-48v2.19v43-47v2.18v43-46v2.17v42-43v2.13v42-45v2.15v40-43v2.14v39 -42v2.13v38-41v2.12v36-40v2.11v36-40v2.10v33-36v2.9v31-34v2.8v30-33v2.7v30-33v2.6v29-32v2.5v29-32v2.4v29-32

Download address: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/

Http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html

If the chrome version is too high, it is recommended to use an IE browser instead

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