Shulou(Shulou.com)06/01 Report--

This article will explain in detail about Geth analysis and how to run the Ethernet Fong node. The content of the article is of high quality, so the editor will share it with you for reference. I hope you will have some understanding of the relevant knowledge after reading this article.

In order to communicate with the blockchain, we must use the blockchain client. The client is software that can establish P2P communication channels with other customers, sign and broadcast transactions, mine, deploy and interact with intelligent contracts. Clients are often referred to as nodes.

The formal definition of the functions that ethernet square nodes must follow is defined in the ethernet yellow book. The Yellow Book defines the functions required by nodes on the network, mining algorithms, and private / public key ECDSA parameters. It defines all the functions that make the node fully compatible with the Ethernet Square client.

Based on the ethernet yellow book, anyone can create their own ethersquare node implementation in the language they see fit.

You can see the complete list of clients here.

By far the most popular customers are Geth and Parity. The main difference in implementation lies in the programming language of choice: Geth uses Golang, while Parity uses Rust.

Since Geth is currently the most popular client implementation, we will focus on it now.

Node Typ

When you join the ethernet network, you can choose to run various types of nodes. The current options are:

Light node

Full node

Archive node

The Archive node is a special case of the full node, so we won't cover it in detail. One of the best summaries of node types I have found is on Stack Exchange:

In general, we can divide node software into two types: full nodes and light (weight) nodes. The full node verifies the block broadcast to the network. That is, they ensure that the transactions contained in the block (and the block itself) follow the rules defined in the ethernet specification. They maintain the current state of the network (as defined by the Ethernet Fong specification).

Transactions and blocks that do not follow the rules are not used to determine the current status of the Ethernet Fong network. For example, if A tries to send 100 ethernet to B, but A has 0 ethers and a block contains this transaction, the full node will realize that this does not follow the rules of Ethernet Square and reject the block as invalid. In particular, the execution of smart contracts is an example of a transaction. Whenever smart contracts (for example, sending ERC-20 tokens) are used in a transaction, all complete nodes must run all instructions to ensure that they reach the correct, agreed next state of the blockchain.

There are many ways to reach the same state. For example, if A has 101 ethers and gives a hundred of them to B in one transaction to pay for one etheric gas, the end result will be if A sends B 100 etheric transactions each time, paying 0.01ethernet for each transaction (regardless of who receives the transaction fee). To know whether B is now allowed to send 100 ether, it is enough to know what the current balance of B is. The complete node that keeps the entire transaction history is called the full archive node. These must exist on the Internet in order to stay healthy.

The node can also choose to discard the old data; if B wants to send 100 Ethernet to C, it doesn't matter how to get the ether, as long as B's account contains 100 Ethernet. In contrast, the light node does not validate each block or transaction, and there may be no copy of the current blockchain state. They rely on complete nodes to provide them with missing details (or just lack specific functionality). The advantage of lightweight nodes is that they can start and run faster, run on more computing / memory-constrained devices, and do not take up almost as much storage space. In terms of disadvantages, other nodes have trust factors (which vary depending on the client and probabilistic / heuristic methods and can be used to reduce risk). Some complete clients include features with faster synchronization (for example, Parity's warp sync).

Install Geth

The installation instructions for Geth on various platforms (Windows,macOS,Linux) can be found here. The list is very comprehensive and up to date, so I won't cover it in the article.

Run Geth

To start the Geth node, the only thing you need to do is go to the terminal window and run geth. When you do this, you should get output similar to this:

~ gethINFO [06-03 | 11:03:13] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25INFO [06-03 | 11:03:13] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.8.10-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.10.2INFO [06-03 | 11:03:13] Allocated cache and file handles database=/Users/mjvr/Library/Ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=128INFO [06-03 | 11:03:13] Writing default main-net genesis blockINFO [ 06-03 | 11:03:14] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=12356 size=2.34mB time=48.31016ms gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00BINFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Initialised chain configuration config= "{ChainID: 1 Homestead: 1150000 DAO: 1920000 DAOSupport: true EIP150: 2463000 EIP155: 2675000 EIP158: 2675000 Byzantium: 4370000 Constantinople: Engine: ethash}" INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/Users/mjvr/Library/Ethereum/geth/ethash count=3INFO [06-03 | 11:03: 14] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/Users/mjvr/.ethash count=2INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions= "[63 62]" network=1INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=d4e567... Cb8fa3 td=17179869184INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=d4e567... Cb8fa3 td=17179869184INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=d4e567... Cb8fa3 td=17179869184INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0INFO [06-03 | 11:03:14] Starting P2P networkingINFO [06-03 | 11:03:16] UDP listener up self=enode://a4cb08519bc2bceecb8ad421871c624d5212888653bbaee309fda960f3c87ca7aa9855ee14684d521836ae88ad1986b8ca944348e976760d2bd1247ed3ca7628@ [:]: 30303INFO [06-03 | 11:03:16] RLPx listener up self=enode://a4cb08519bc2bceecb8ad421871c624d5212888653bbaee309fda960f3c87ca7aa9855ee14684d521836ae88ad1986b8ca944348e976760d2bd1247ed3ca7628@ [::]: 30303INFO [06-03 | 11:03:16] IPC endpoint opened Url=/Users/mjvr/Library/Ethereum/geth.ipc

After that, you should see new lines appear periodically, and Geth says "Import new status" or "import new block blocks" or "import new receipts". Status, size, and transactions are part of Ethereum's tree tries: you must download them to synchronize your nodes with the etheric block chain.

This process can take a long time, so you can choose to run such a lightweight node.

Geth-light

All Geth needs to do now is pull the latest block and rely on other full nodes to validate the transaction by using the merkle certificate.

Access the Geth console

Now that you have created a node, you can access it by opening a new tab in the terminal and running the following command:

Geth attach

This will connect the Geth console (a Javascript environment for communicating with the blockchain) to your running node. This can be done in full client mode and light mode.

"after opening the console, type:"

Web3.eth.blockNumber

You should output a number (for example, 5631487) that represents the current block number of the ethernet network.

Create a new account

To use blockchain, you need to have an account. With Geth, you can do this by running the following command in the terminal:

Geth account new

When finished, it will ask you to enter a password to protect your account. Be sure to use a secure password and store it securely.

What Geth does when running geth account new is to update the files in the Geth data directory (the directory where Geth stores all the necessary data, including block and block header information). The location of the directory on each platform:

MacOS:~/Library/Ethereum

Linux:~/.ethereum

Windows:%APPDATA%\ Ethereum

Access Geth from other clients

When you start Geth, the client automatically starts the RPC server on port 8545. You can access the RPC server and its methods on this port by connecting to localhost:8545 using libraries such as web3js or web3j or manually calling it using curl or wget.

This is the end of the Geth analysis and how to run the Ethernet Fong node. I hope the above content can be helpful to you and learn more knowledge. If you think the article is good, you can share it for more people to see.

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