Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

Source: the best game

5G is at the tip of the tuyere.

It was scanned by a notice from the U.S. Department of Justice yesterday. Whether it has anything to do with 5G or not, we all have a scale in mind.

Recently, there are so many hot events related to 5G that I can't even count my fingers. AT&T was connected to the world's first 5G phone by Verizon Diss; ZTE because of the "5GE" displayed on its mobile phone. China issued a 5G pre-commercial license.

Note: the "E" in 5GE is the evolution evolution

2019 is the first year of the development of 5G. In an interview with the media on January 17, Ren Zhengfei said: 5G has actually exaggerated its role, and more people have exaggerated Huawei's achievements. In fact, human society does not have such an urgent need for 5G. Don't think of 5G as a wave, the wave is coming, the wealth is coming, catch it quickly, if you can't get it, you'll miss it. The development of 5G must be slow.

After seeing Ren Zhengfei's speech, netizen Tieliu wrote a sharp article "stop bragging about 5G". Its core point is: 5G just looks good, and Chinese and American operators are not interested in it. A lot of people came to ask for my opinion, so I wrote this article.

Immediately, Huawei released 5G base stations and baseband chips in Beijing, and Ding Yun and Yu Chengdong appeared in turn, impassioned and high-spirited.

I couldn't help laughing. Every time my boss gave a frank speech, how hard Huawei people had to "sterilize"!

Ren Zhengfei is a straightforward man, and there is a story: oil prices were extremely high in 2006. The chairman of a big operator in oil-producing Russia visited and was confident of global expansion. Ren Zhengfei directly poured cold water on the past: Russia should not do any telecom expansion abroad, you should sell mineral water from Lake Baikal! The client was furious and left in a huff. Then came the 2007 financial crisis, which fulfilled the words of the boss.

Some people ask: 4G speed feels enough, 5G does not see killer business (killer application), what will happen to 5G in the future? Will it suffer as much as 3G did?

This evokes countless sad things. Veteran Dai Hui's best youth is entangled in 2G and 3G, with unforgettable memories. I think:

Boss Ren said that the development of 5G is not so fast, which means that the innovative services developed on 5G (such as AIoT, smart manufacturing, self-driving, etc.) are not so fast and may take a long time to achieve. Ding Yun and Yu Chengdong conveyed the message at the press conference: the technology used as a means of carrying 5G has been basically OK, and people can use 5G mobile phones soon. In fact, the two are not contradictory.

Looking back on the years of suffering of 3G is also very worthwhile, because 3G gave birth to smartphones and mobile Internet, brought about a revolution in the way human communication. Calculating small accounts, 3G is not ideal in terms of return on investment. On the one hand, 4G is the natural promotion of 3G, operators make a lot of profits; on the other hand, the applications constructed by the upper layer have created great social value. It's the same as high-speed rail.

The article "Don't boast about 5G" says that because US operators are not interested in 5G, some people in the Trump administration have proposed to build the country. In this regard, veterans' understanding is just the opposite: some people in the US government have proposed to do so precisely because they attach great importance to the innovative business that 5G may lead to, so they suggest building a continuous coverage 5G network like a highway network. It is noted that the innovation ability of the United States is very strong and successful in 3G/4G, such as apple / Android / Facebook / twitter / uber / airbnb / snapchat and so on. Strategic visionary officials in the United States should realize that if 5G-based innovative business is successful, it is bound to reshape the industry and even overtake around the corner, just as Apple subverted the traditional mobile phone giant before.

The situation of 5G is different from that of 3G. The success of innovative business based on 5G is a high probability event, not a gray rhino. See the analysis in the text for details.

The flag of the changing king in the city head

Wireless communications (whether base stations or mobile phones) have "three high": high-tech threshold, high standardization, and high market capacity.

Thanks to economic globalization, the outcome of base stations and mobile phone companies is a major matter of right and wrong. If you bet on the route, you can make a lot of money. If you bet wrong, you will lose miserably.

Veteran Dai Hui has been in the profession for 20 years, and the good and bad things he has heard are innumerable. For example, so many prestigious mobile phone brands are all sweeping the sand. Youdao is: the flag of the changing king of the city!

Not long ago, veteran Dai Hui went to Mount Jasmine to visit the famous Bell Laboratories. The information theory put forward by Claude Elwood Shannon here is of great guiding significance for 5G, which is pursuing the "Shannon limit".

Photo note: the statue of Shannon in Nokia Bell Lab

In the wireless field, Bell Labs also invented the first car phone, the first to put forward the concept of cellular cell (to expand capacity through multiplexing), and the first 1G system (AMPS). However, because he once thought that the handheld phone had no future, he gave up the opportunity to invent the mobile phone to Motorola. Today, it is still full of vitality, as can be seen in the TWITTER of Nokia Bell Labs: research directions include AIoT (Internet of things combined with artificial intelligence), quantum computing, future networks and many other cutting-edge directions.

Ottawa, which is located in the eastern part of North America with Bell Labs, is a hot land, which locals call the Northern Silicon Valley. Nortel, whose R & D headquarters was in Ottawa, invested heavily in a lot of cutting-edge research at the end of the last century, including wireless technology. One step ahead to become a martyr, long made generations of heroes weep over this.

Photo Note: Nortel's former R & D headquarters is now the Pentagon Dept in Canada. Of National Defence

The beads of the sea, Huaji, Aiji and Nuoji have all successfully carried out the research on 5G basic technology in Ottawa.

Polar code is exactly what Ottawa has come to the 5G standard stage of 3GPP. Each 5G connection, the first to start is the control code (using Polar code). This is the pearl in the crown.

Some people ask: how far is it from the formula of Professor Erdal Arikan in Turkey to 5G standard and then to 5G commercial use?

It is often a long time from theory to practice. A few days ago, veteran Dai Hui also went to the Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton University and was surprised to find that Einstein's title was mathematics rather than physics professor. From his E=mc ²formula to the atomic bomb that ended World War II in Japan, there was a huge Manhattan project (including Dr. C.S. Wu).

Photo note: Princeton University's richest alumni couple recently divorced (Amazon Bezos)

Looking back on history, Poetry flourished and wrote a poem: GG and GG

0G realized the era of car phone call and regional standard simulation.

The rich phone of 1G mobile phone opens the prelude to the honeycomb system.

2G came to the hands of ordinary people, the first two-way interactive business.

3G starts the wave of smart phones, and the mobile Internet rises.

With the advent of 4G mobile audio-visual era, live streaming and small videos are on the rise.

The 5G delay is very small and the traffic is very large, and the intelligent thing link is on the string.

6G space and millimeter wave are coming. I'm sorry, the veteran doesn't understand yet.

The summary is about iterated every ten years, and the rate of each generation is ten times different.

3G suffered a lot because there was no killer mace service.

First, 3G is suffering.

Ericsson United many allies and set up an organization, 3GPP, which is pheasant butt. 3GPP has developed a 3G standard called UMTS (which uses WCDMA technology and can be integrated with GSM). As early as the 1999 Beijing Wireless Show, veterans saw Ericsson's 3G DEMO, using a huge base station to simulate mobile phones.

In 1999-00, Western European countries issued a lot of 3G licenses based on the above standards, and the UK alone earned nearly 22.5 billion pounds through the auction of five 3G licenses. Operators are actively bidding with a rose-like dream.

In the second half of 2000, the IT bubble burst and the capital market froze. However, 3G is still built in accordance with the requirements of the license, which puts European operators under great financial pressure. If you make an appointment with yourself, you will finish it with tears.

Qualcomm led an organization called 3GPP2 (pheasant butt number two) to compete with 3GPP, dominated by CDMA's 3G (called CDMA1x EV-DO Release A, very roundabout). This standard came out later, and the United States, waiting for it to mature, did not have time to issue 3G licenses before the IT bubble burst, dodging a bullet.

After the completion of the 3G network in Western Europe, operators suffer from the lack of killer mace service (killer application).

In 2002, the veteran and Li Changzhu, who later invented the flight mode, reported to the headquarters of France Telecom in Paris. This was also the first time that the chrysanthemum factory reported to the European multinational Big T technology. Read the newspaper and learned that because of the excessive internal KPI pressure, some employees committed suicide. The French have a high sense of self-esteem, and the telecommunications industry cannot afford to go from heaven to hell overnight.

In the chilly spring of 2003, Huawei participated in the 3GSM exhibition in Cannes for the first time (the predecessor of Barcelona MWC). On the platform, three PC services are demonstrated with a large box called UE (analog phone) and a laptop: streaming, FTP and web browsing.

Veteran Dai Hui, who was in charge of the booth site, noticed that 3G mobile phones in the industry were scarce and was still doing inter-operation interoperability testing. Huawei was inspired to break through the European 3G market from terminals (customized mobile phones and data cards), and Vodafon became a big customer.

Photo note: the beautiful French little sister at the front desk kissed veteran Dai Hui.

Looking back at the needs of ordinary people at that time: people use their cell phones to make phone calls and send text messages. GSM is enough. Based on WAP text-based web pages, GSM's own data service is also sufficient. A joke said: 2G business is the TXT text file of Deyi Shuangxin teacher.

3G made people feel like "chicken ribs" at that time. I remember that there was a service called videophone, which I had never used in my life.

The only high-volume business is to use 3G data cards as portable computers to surf the Internet, so data cards are selling well. It is also popular to experience BlackBerrys like PC. However, the profit is not enough to stop the huge expenditure of 3G. At that time, WIFI also developed, and Starbucks could also send and receive e-mail.

Huawei provided a lot of financing for Hong Kong SUNDAY to build a 3G network, but with idle capacity, Huawei had to provide another 1 million 3G mobile phones for unlimited calls to users, so that it could at least test the stability of its 3G equipment under heavy traffic.

The global financial crisis that broke out in 2007 dealt another blow to Western suppliers: Nortel went bankrupt (bet heavily on WIMAX standards) and Motorola was spun off. Four other companies, Alcatel and Lucent, merged, and the telecoms divisions of Nokia and Siemens merged. Huawei ZTE has done nothing and has risen several places in the rankings.

Second, Huawei has also suffered a lot in 3G, but it has got a great opportunity on the old GSM.

Huawei has invested tens of billions of dollars and is looking forward to the issuance of 3G licenses in China every year, but is disappointed every year.

Veteran Dai Hui, who used to be the general worker of Huawei GSM Mobile International, entered the closed Philippine market alone in 2004, expanding the sales model of GSM, a large city with a population of 10 million.

I never dreamed that Huawei started its life with old GSM products. Under the leadership of Hu Houyi, he used old base stations that had not changed for many years to capture many big countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can only walk the line from behind, one meter from the wall, the city computer room is small headache, you can see that this product is from a remote rural area.

Yu Chengdong's biggest advantage is that he can turn quickly. He immediately changed the name of "UMTS and GSM Marketing Department" to "GSM and UMTS Marketing Department" and changed the target to sell GSM desperately. Single RAN compatible with GSM and 3G began to be developed, and many 3G R & D were transferred back to GSM.

The biggest breakthrough was in 2008, when Xu Wenwei (the first person on Huawei chip) was the president of Europe, using the new base station to relocate 8000 Nortel's old mmO2 base stations in Germany. In Dusseldorf, Xu Wenwei handed over to Yu Chengdong, and I was at the scene. Have a barbecue.

Two years ago, the strategic summary signed by Ren's boss (author Pan Shaoqin) summed up the experience of "Saint Wireless", painfully and happily: wireless cannot arrange flowers, only the construction of the whole network!

Third, Chinese version of 3G: it is better to come early than to come coincidentally.

China's Ministry of Information Industry did not finally issue a 3G license until January 2009. Fortunately, the 3G business model matures late, or the Chinese version of TD-SCDMA will not mature in time.

Mobile phone chip is the top priority in the industry chain. Spreadtrum led by Chen Datong took the lead in making TD mobile phone chip and made great achievements.

Wang Jianzhou, chairman of China Mobile, pulled the G3 test car. Helplessly watching their high-end customers go to Unicom and Telecom.

Since then, China has finally stopped sticking to hot spots and entered the mainstream in 3GPP's 4G and 5G standards. The reason is simple: if 3GPP does not allow China to participate in mainstream standards, China has the ability to go it alone, as evidenced by TD-SCDMA. If so, the international market in the future, it is hard to say who will win?

3G finally triggered a revolution in the way of human communication.

After the IT bubble burst, the United States was more cautious in 3G investment, and only began to carry out 3G services on a large scale around 2004.

In 2007, Joe redefined the smartphone as a 2G version and launched a 3G version in 2008. At that time, Jim Belsley, BlackBerry CEO, said he was confident: "iPhone has had very little impact on our business."

Picture note: jobs' three noes, not large screen (to be operated with one hand), double cards, no beauty.

Smartphones and APP Store (Apple IOS and Android OS) boosted mobile Internet business, breaking an old world and building a new world of information.

The conversion process from 2G to 3G is a revolution in the way of human communication. From relying mainly on language to relying mainly on text and video.

Ignite the entrepreneurial passion of many young people in one fell swoop, creating a wealth of business and content. He who gets the youth wins the world.

Telecom operators are reduced to a "pipeline" as wide as the Pacific Ocean, and can no longer control business like 2G.

Main equipment suppliers (Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE, Samsung and other five) are responsible for providing "pipe iron".

QR code mobile payment (including red packets) is China's great contribution to all mankind, creating a new generation of cashless society.

After human civilization breaks through a bottleneck, it brings about an exponential outbreak.

Who keeps the clouds open to see the sunrise when there is no storm.

4G is the natural extension of 3G

In a strategic sense, 3G is the greatest change, but in terms of commercial interests, 4G simply and roughly increases the data rate and has achieved great commercial success.

From then on, we began to listen to the teacher sing Li Xianglan (* .mp3) and watch the teacher's video (* .avi) online.

If only a small account, look at the return on investment of operators to build the network, 3G is really a history of blood and tears, but also dragged down several suppliers.

If the bill is big, considering the groundwork and huge social benefits for 4G/5G, then 3G can be called great.

The data rate of 4G is more than 10 times higher than that of 3G; patents are more balanced than those dominated by Qualcomm (bosses can deduct each other); and the network architecture is fully IP-based, eliminating the trouble of voice TDM channels.

4G focuses on serving high-density urban areas, while handing over rural coverage to traditional 2G or 3G (China Mobile retains 2G and Unicom retains 3G).

Great changes have taken place in our lives.

Douyin (as well as Kuaishou and Weishi) started the small video industry, and Apple's Cook also visited.

Flower girl Miss Celline's flower show garnered 500000 hits on Douyin, and veteran Dai Hui's performance was filmed. Rejuvenated, I my fiery zeal display.

Douyin's international version of Tik Tok is so popular that I saw its advertisement flash in Time Square the other day. It is said that Toshiba's ad was squeezed out on New year's Eve.

Compared with 3G at that time, the situation of 5G is different in three points.

The first difference: in the 5G era, the global standard is unified for the first time, and the strength of the industrial chain is concentrated.

In the 3G era, the power is very scattered, fighting inextricably.

The WCDMA standard of Big PK:3GPP competes with the CDMA2000 of 3GPP2 organization in the century.

China produced TD-SCDMA, and North America later put forward WIMAX (person 3.5G).

In the 4G era, China issues TDD-LTE licenses with more voice, and the global mainstream is FDD-LTE licenses. Both standards are uniformly formulated by 3GPP, and the chip factory supports both technologies in one step when defining specifications.

In the 5G era, the world has truly unified standards for the first time. The United States, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region have reached a compromise of interests. The control channel uses the Huawei recommended Polar and the data channel uses the Qualcomm recommended LDPC.

In the future 5G era, the whole world will work together to make a hole!

Eric Holm, chief executive of Huawei's biggest rival Ericsson, told CNBC that efforts by some governments to ban the use of Huawei equipment have caused "a lot" of concern among operators as they measure the potential impact and next steps.

Mr Ekholm also raised the question of whether conflicts between China and the west would lead to competing network architectures, saying it was "very important" for the industry to protect a global standardised model.

Note: everyone is tired, so let's set a standard.

The second difference: after 3G changes the way people communicate, even if the natural flow of ordinary people increases to fatten 4G, it can also feed 5G.

In hot spots, the capacity of 4G is not enough, and 5G is just on top. This is a far cry from the empty 3G traffic at that time.

China issued a 3G license at the beginning of 2009, and four years later, it issued a 4G license at the end of 2013!

Many people question: 3G is finally mature, why do you want to go to 4G, isn't it a waste of investment? We don't see any business that has to use 4G?

At that time, China Mobile was actively building 4G, and China Unicom and Telecom were one step behind. As a result, many users changed jobs.

The rapid growth in demand for traffic far exceeds even the most radical of our ideas.

East Asia is densely populated and people love smartphones far more than westerners, starting with a young BB of one or two years old.

In just four or five years, China has flagrantly built 4 million 4G base stations, a total of 7 million in the world (200000 in the United States). In other words, China is more than the rest of the world combined.

The 4G base stations of Japan and South Korea, which are also located in East Asia, have reached a distance of 150-200 meters. It seems that East Asians like to live in groups and like to play with mobile phones.

5G base stations can be built on the same site as 4G base stations, sharing infrastructure such as computer rooms, towers and transmission. If the 4G base station is already very dense, then the new site of the 5G network is very limited.

In other words, it would be much faster to build a 5G parallel network in China, Japan and South Korea than in the United States.

After entering 5G, there are several trends in the field of 2C consumption: large screen high definition (delicate), two-way interactive virtual reality (face-to-face with teachers), augmented reality (AR).

It is worth mentioning that the cloud game, 5G era will have great development. Dai Hui, a veteran, can make a note in Chinese history.

Around Valentine's Day in 2015, Jinghua Kexun, the domestic desktop cloud leader, successfully tested a cloud game solution based on network graphics card (Grid) in the cloud of Fujian Telecom (the first case in the country): after passing through the transmission network, users can play large-scale games at home through a cheap set-top box. Sharing (graphics card) economy!

In March, veteran Dai Hui was invited by NVIDIA to Silicon Valley to discuss the future of the technology in gaming and 3D design. At that time, the large delay / jitter of the network is a big problem, but in the 5G era, this problem can be solved.

To quote Dr. Tong Wen, the authority of 5G: 5G eMBB is a turning point in the user experience. Based on the basic technical principle of Internet TCP/IP protocol, when the network capacity is 4-5 times of the application traffic, the network congestion and delay tend to zero. In other words, the G-bit access rate of 5G has exceeded the basic rate of Internet access and video communication application traffic, and the end-user experience has begun to change essentially, entering the experience era of "unlimited network capacity". That is, end-users feel as if the network has unlimited capacity. The unlimited MBB (Mobile Broadband) model has become the next growth driver for mobile operators.

The third difference is that the excellent capabilities of 5G are further extended to the connection between people and things, things and things, providing carriers for new services such as the AIoT of the Intelligent Internet of things, which is likely to be a revolution that will change the world!

5G is likely to become the national strategy of many countries. We should not only talk about commercial interests, but also about social benefits.

Some people in the Trump administration have proposed that the country should build an independent 5G network precisely because it sees the strategic value of 5G as an important infrastructure in the areas of the Internet of things, smart manufacturing and the Internet of cars in the future.

If we rely entirely on operators, we will initially use NSA (non-independent networking) to cover hot spots with insufficient 4G capacity, rather than complete coverage that is time-consuming and time-consuming and can not make money in a short time.

If the government unifies the organization, it can use the more expensive SA (independent networking) mode to do complete coverage, the delay can be smaller (up to the 1ms level), and the reliability will be better. This will be of great benefit to nurturing innovative business.

5G innovation business is not only in the networking of people, but also in the networking of people and things, things and things.

Dr. Tong Wen mentioned that the four major technical indicators of 5G technology-the peak rate of 1-20Gbps, the user experience of 10-100Mbps, the end-to-end delay of 1-10 milliseconds and the improvement of network energy efficiency by 1-100 times will all be realized in 2019. The initial deployment of 5G network will not only popularize the ultimate user experience of mobile Internet, but also promote animal networking innovation, and then promote the new generation transformation of mobile Internet industry.

Ren Zhengfei said that the development of 5G is not that fast, referring to the large-scale use of innovative business brought about by 5G, which does take a long time.

Why can the delay be smaller? Academician Wu Hequan gave an explanation: the traditional IP network works in a connectionless way, regardless of whether the front and back IP packets belong to the same communication or not, which is inefficient. 5G specially uses source routing (SR) technology to solve this problem.

The article "Don't boast about 5G" mentions that the bandwidth requirements of the Internet of things are very small, and the current 2G/4G can meet. This is only one of them, not the other. Simple couplets really have little to do with delay, such as reading electricity meters, water meters, gas meters, and sharing bicycles.

However, if the technology is to advance, there will be a high demand for delay and bandwidth. Internet of things IoT has evolved into AIoT, which is the combination of artificial intelligence AI and Internet of things IoT. The power system has always had the concept of "five remote": remote signal, telemetry, remote viewing, remote control and remote adjustment.

Artificial intelligence and augmented reality (AR) are expected to be used in industry. For example, the camera on the helmet of the workers in the underground pipeline captures the live video and sends it back to the cloud server through 5G. After the artificial intelligence automatically recognizes it, the relevant data in the database is transmitted back to the glasses of the helmet. On-site staff can see the relevant data in real time. This requires high latency and heavy traffic.

Give me another example. Jacky Cheung caught the fugitive at the concert when he was found by a camera set up at the security gate. In the 5G era, such stories can be played anywhere.

Photo note: China launches face recognition glasses used by the police

Self-driving has a long way to go, and primary applications have been born.

In early 2015, veteran Dai Hui listened to the summit conversation between TESLA's Elon Musk and Nvidia CEO Huang Renxun in Silicon Valley, which opened the prelude to the combination of self-driving and artificial intelligence AI. Then, for an extra $5000, the TELSLA offers autopilot (autopilot), but still requires the driver to intervene in complex situations. Google invested in Waymo, and Apple is also developing self-driving technology. These rely on the car itself for calculation and response (using GPU), not on the Internet.

Photo note: the veteran listened to the Iron Man at the scene: maybe it will be strange if someone is driving in the future.

Self-driving based on 5G vehicle-road collaboration (V2X) can reach the highest level (L5 level) and will achieve real driver-free. This technology will rely more on server and cloud computing and response, with a sharp drop in local computing power (and lower costs), but more dependent on the low latency and high bandwidth of the network.

With regard to driverless driving after vehicle-road coordination, safety is also mentioned in the article "Don't boast about 5G". To borrow a quote from Iron Man: in the future, self-driving will eventually be safer than manned driving.

The use of cloud computing model for in-depth learning can quickly transfer the benefits of one car training to more vehicles.

Of course, the real L5 self-driving date may not be promoted on a large scale until 10 years later, and then the 6G that Professor you Xiaohu is thinking about will also come out.

Does such a pursuit make sense? Ren Zhengfei replied: self-driving is climbing Mount Qomolangma. In the process of climbing, some people can herd sheep halfway, some people can dig mines, and some people can go skiing. To apply the hatching technology to various fields, this is' laying eggs along the way'. For example, even if self-driving technology is not used on the road in the future, it can also be used on the production line and in low-speed scenarios, "laying eggs along the way during the climb of Mount Everest."

We see that the trend of low-speed self-driving in closed parks (not open roads) has sprung up everywhere in China, including logistics vehicles, mini buses and tractors mentioned by Ren Zhengfei. Drones and drones are also developing rapidly.

Photo note: self-driving mini-bus is on trial run at Southeast University to avoid pedestrians.

The era of 5G will greatly promote the popularity of these low-speed self-driving. China's strong manufacturing power and innovative spirit will obviously lead the global trend.

Chunjiang water cold duck prophet, the American elite has expected this, Tesla also resolutely came to China to set up a factory. Note that President Trump did not send TWITTER criticism.

Photo Note: iron Man in Shanghai Lingang

The future has come.

We can never go back to that era: law and order basically depends on dogs, traffic basically depends on walking, communication basically depends on roaring, entertainment basically depends on hands.

Academician Wu Hequan believes that the application built on 5G (not just 5G itself) will create a lot of value.

Trump predicts that 5G will create 3 million new jobs in the United States, stimulate more than $200 billion in investment and generate $500 billion in economic revenue (per year), he said.

For China, 5G is expected to increase GDP by nearly $1 trillion and create nearly 10 million jobs by 2035, he added.

Of course, to achieve these data, we also need to "roll up our sleeves and work hard" together, regardless of the United States and Europe, China, Japan and South Korea!

Excerpts from netizens' wonderful comments:

3G is one jump and 5G is another. What Boss Ren means: there is no doubt about the potential of 5G, not so fast in the short term. Why not so fast? The relationship between chicken and egg, because there is no 5G, so there is no application based on 5G, 5G application is gradually developed. 5G changes the society more deeply and depends more on matching, so it takes a longer time to develop. The design of the three scenarios of 5G can be summarized as "high and low": high bandwidth, low latency and large interconnection. 4G cannot do so, 6G may do better. 6G, like 4G, should be improved, not jumping.

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