Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

In this issue, the editor will bring you how to understand the hardware resources of Linux management. The article is rich in content and analyzes and describes for you from a professional point of view. I hope you can get something after reading this article.

The hardware of the computer mainly includes memory (RAM), central processing unit (CPU), input / output (I / O) devices and hard disk (Hard Disk), all of which are managed by the kernel (Kernel).

The kernel is the lowest hardware control of an operating system, which is in charge of the working state of the whole hardware resources, and each operating system has its own kernel. The kernel can recognize the hardware of the computer, so that the hardware can complete the corresponding work.

The operating system can make the computer hardware work accurately. It can be thought that the operating system is the kernel and the interface tools provided by it, and the relationship between them is shown in figure 1.

Fig. 1 diagram

The items that the kernel needs to manage include memory management, process management, file system, device driver and network interface, which I will describe in detail in the following chapters.

The hardware resource management of Linux can be used to view the details of each hardware through the following commands:

Using the lspci command, you can view all PCI devices, such as motherboards, sound cards and graphics cards, such as [root@liangxu ~] # lspci

00Rom 00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX-82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge (rev 01)

00Rom 01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX-82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge (rev 01)

00Rom 07.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 08)

00VR 07.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev 01)

00rev 07.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 08)

00Rom 07.7 System peripheral: VMware Virtual Machine Communication Interface (rev 10)

00:0f.0 VGA compatible controller: VMware SVGA II Adapter

00RV 10.0 SCSI storage controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic 53c1030 PCI-X Fusion-MPT Dual Ultra320 SCSI (rev 01)

00RU 11.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI bridge (rev 02)

00RU 15.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0015. 1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 15.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RU 15.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RU 15.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RU 15.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RU 15.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RU 15.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00Rank 16.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00purl 16.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 16.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0016.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0016.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0016.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0016.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

0016.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00rev 17.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 17.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.0 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00rev 18.1 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RV 18.2 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.3 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.4 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.5 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.6 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

00RZ 18.7 PCI bridge: VMware PCI Express Root Port (rev 01)

02:00.0 USB controller: VMware USB1.1 UHCI Controller

02Rom 01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)

02AudioPCI-97 02.0 Multimedia audio controller: Ensoniq ES1371 [AudioPCI-97] (rev 02)

02:03.0 USB controller: VMware USB2 EHCI Controller

On this basis, you can view the details of the device using the lspci-v command:

[root@liangxu] # lspci-v

00Rom 00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX-82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge (rev 01)

Subsystem: VMware Virtual Machine Chipset

Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0

Kernel driver in use: agpgart-intel

00Rom 01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX-82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])

Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0

Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=64

Kernel modules: shpchp

00Rom 07.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 08)

Subsystem: VMware Virtual Machine Chipset

Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0

. Omit part of the output information

To view CPU information, you need to use the more / proc/cpuinfo command, for example: [root@liangxu ~] # more / proc/cpuinfo

Processor: 0

Vendor_id: GenuineIntel

Cpu family: 6

Model: 142

Model name: Intel (R) Core (TM) i7-8550U CPU @ 1.80GHz

Stepping: 10

Cpu MHz: 2001.000

Cache size: 8192 KB

Physical id: 0

Siblings: 2

Core id: 0

Cpu cores: 2

Apicid: 0

Initial apicid: 0

Fpu: yes

Fpu_exception: yes

. Omit part of the output information

To view memory information, you need to use more / proc/meminfo commands, such as [root@liangxu ~] # more / proc/meminfo

MemTotal: 3908800 kB

MemFree: 2171640 kB

Buffers: 113476 kB

Cached: 1062960 kB

SwapCached: 0 kB

Active: 1033192 kB

Inactive: 442540 kB

Active (anon): 299376 kB

Inactive (anon): 5912 kB

Active (file): 733816 kB

Inactive (file): 436628 kB

Unevictable: 0 kB

Mlocked: 0 kB

SwapTotal: 2031608 kB

SwapFree: 2031608 kB

Dirty: 0 kB

. Omit part of the output information

Using the free-m command, you can view the current system memory usage (in M-byte units): [root@liangxu ~] # free-m

Total used free shared buffers cached

Mem: 3817 1696 2120 0 110 1038

-/ + buffers/cache: 547 3269

Swap: 1983 1983 what is the Linux system Linux is a free-to-use and free-spread UNIX-like operating system, is a POSIX-based multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-threading and multi-CPU operating system, using Linux can run major Unix tools, applications and network protocols.

This is how to understand the Linux management hardware resources shared by the editor. If you happen to have similar doubts, you might as well refer to the above analysis to understand. If you want to know more about it, you are welcome to follow the industry information channel.

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