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Database is the core of enterprise IT system, and its performance will directly affect the performance of the overall business system. The factors that affect database performance include system architecture design, application business SQL statements, optimal configuration of database parameters, and resource capabilities of database operation. System architecture design and application business SQL statements belong to the periphery of the database and need to be designed and optimized from the overall business; the core of the database parameter configuration is to fine-tune the parameters according to the business and hardware characteristics of the database. Rich DBA experience has a great impact on this, belonging to the software configuration content and can be adjusted at any time. The hardware resource of the database is a fixed asset investment in traditional enterprises. The initial investment cost is high, and the replacement cost is even higher in the later stage. Although the cloud era can expand hardware resources and replace them at any time, it is also affected by data migration, business suspension and so on. Therefore, a good choice of hardware resources is very important.

Hardware that affects performance includes CPU, memory, disk, and network:

CPU: the core of computing power, its performance will directly affect the logical computing power of the database, such as query computing, data aggregation, stored procedure efficiency and so on.

Memory: it is very critical to performance. Its core is to cache data frequently to avoid frequent interaction with disk. Performance is generally delayed in nanoseconds. Generally, OLTP databases recommend that the ratio of memory to data space should be kept at least 20%.

Disk: the performance is the worst compared to the first two, so disk performance directly affects the overall performance of the database. Cloud database currently provides two kinds of disks, including local disk and cloud disk. Local disk has high performance (microsecond delay) but limited storage capacity, while cloud disk has larger storage capacity but limited performance (millisecond delay).

Network: the impact of the network mainly lies in bandwidth, so large queries or large transactions, the requirements of the network is very high.

Focus on the factors that disk performance has an impact on the business, including:

Delay: the lower the delay, the more real-time the system responds. For example, for a transactional system, the delay will affect whether each user operation is stuttered.

Throughput: the higher the bandwidth, the better the concurrency ability. When multiple users operate at the same time, they can handle more requirements concurrently and avoid queuing.

IOPS: a direct indicator of disk concurrency, defined as the number of IO requests per second that can be processed at a specific block size, such as 4K.

As mentioned above, the performance of the local site is better than that of the cloud disk, so why does the development of the cloud database RDS move towards the cloud disk? The main reason is that in addition to performance, the cloud disk also has many enterprise features to meet all kinds of business needs, such as three copies of data storage can ensure the reliability of business data up to 9, 9, storage and computing are separated, and it can support larger capacity and relatively easier expansion. Compared with the ESSD cloud disk, the enterprise characteristics of the SSD cloud disk are greatly enhanced, and the key performance is greatly improved, reaching or even surpassing the capacity of the local disk. Below I will focus on analyzing the core competencies of enterprise-class high-performance storage ESSD.

Extreme performance and extreme stability

ESSD can achieve a maximum of 1 million IOPS for a single instance and a single disk, and reduce the read and write latency by 70%, and reach 200us as soon as possible. The technical guarantee of the core competence is that ESSD adopts future-oriented architecture design for the first time. First of all, the ESSD cloud disk uses RDMA network card, which ensures that the network throughput capacity reaches 50Gbps in hardware. Secondly, at the software level, Aliyun has developed a new generation of underlying storage system, storage engine 2.0. the performance is extremely strong and rock-solid, which is the key to stable performance, and there is almost no jitter in response time in high IOPS scenarios. Finally, the full user mode protocol stack is implemented at the software architecture level, which reduces the delay by 70%.

The new architecture of storage engine 2.0 developed by Aliyun is the key to performance improvement, realizing core technologies such as user-mode file system (FusionEngine), high-performance network library (Optimized TCP RDMA), extreme software stack optimization (lock-free, context-free switching, zero copy), multi-stream mapping (three times higher throughput), and dynamic switching (99.9% quantile delay is reduced to 1max 10).

RDS takes the lead in supporting ESSD storage and provides customers with high-performance database services for the first time. After the actual customer business test, the MySQL database, on the premise of a 60% reduction in cloud disk capacity, increases by more than 200% compared with SSD cloud disk and ESSD cloud disk TPS, and reduces latency by more than 60%.

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Online expansion service is sustainable

Disk capacity planning is a very important part of database design. Customers in the cloud era can first purchase enough small space capacity, and then flexibly expand the space according to business development. Prior to this, the expansion of cloud database will involve business flash, such as MySQL 5.7High availability Edition and SQL Server 2016 Standard High availability Edition. After users initiate disk expansion requirements, RDS management and control system will first expand backup disk space in the backend, then switch between master and slave (involving flash disconnection of business connections), and finally expand disk space in the original main database. During the expansion period, specific instance hosts will be involved in rebooting. The whole process takes about half an hour (but the business impact is only flash-off), and it is sometimes difficult to meet urgent needs.

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ESSD cloud disk supports online expansion. This feature ensures that the disk space action is performed immediately after the database is expanded, without switching between master and slave or restarting the database instance machine, thus ensuring continuous access to the business simply and conveniently.

Snapshot backup as a precaution

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ESSD cloud disk integrates snapshot features, supporting up to 64 snapshots and data protection capabilities of multiple replicas across availability zones. This feature is particularly suitable for database backup requirements. Aiming at the rapid snapshot capability of ESSD, cloud database RDS has developed a new generation of database backup system, which supports the use of snapshot capability to back up the entire instance, and supports full and incremental snapshot capabilities, which greatly improves the backup and recovery speed. Due to the improvement of backup efficiency, RDS can provide larger capacity to meet the needs of users with large space needs.

Ultimate safety self-help controllable

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Cloud database RDS implements disk encryption through the security encryption capability of ESSD, and allows customers to bring their own keys to meet the most stringent security compliance requirements of all industries, such as finance, insurance, securities and other industries. In addition, combined with RDS data link encryption and SQL audit function, it provides strict security protection for the link, storage and audit during the operation of the application system.

How to purchase ESSD instances of RDS high-performance storage

The process of purchasing RDS high-performance storage ESSD instances is very simple. After applying for activation permission, when users purchase RDS instances, they can select ESSD as the storage type, and then click purchase to complete the instance production.

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From supporting local storage to supporting SSD cloud storage, and then to supporting ESSD cloud storage, cloud database RDS has a clear technology path, separation of storage and computing, higher data reliability, stronger data security, faster performance, easier to use enterprise features, and continuous enhancement of functions and capabilities. The new architecture based on ECS and ESSD can make full use of hardware dividends to provide enterprise customers with the best database services.

Special discount during public testing, the price is only half of that of SSD cloud disk!

Instance of RDS ESSD storage type in cloud database

Original text link https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/696619

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