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It is said that the future is uncertain, but this is not necessarily the case. Although it is difficult to predict the direction of development in the future, at present, the background of artificial intelligence technology has never been so rich and mature, it can be predicted that artificial intelligence will shine in the future science and technology.

When it comes to artificial intelligence, we have to mention the famous Turing test. Let's brush off the dust of history and see how Turing's contribution affects and guides the development of later generations.

Concept Map: Turing Test and artificial Intelligence

Turing test

The Turing test test, developed by Alan Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of machines that exhibit the same or indistinguishable intelligent behavior as humans. Turing proposed that when the human evaluator judges the natural language conversation between the human and the machine, the evaluator will realize which of the two partners in the dialogue is the machine and which is the human. In the test, all evaluators will be separated from each other, and the conversation will be limited to plain text mode, rendered through the computer keyboard and screen, so the result will not depend on the machine's ability to present words as speech. When the evaluator is unable to accurately tell the person whether it is a human or a machine, it is said that the machine has passed the Turing test, that is, the machine has a similar ability to a human. In the test, the test result does not depend on the machine's ability to give the correct answer to the question, but only depends on how close the answer is to the answer given by human beings.

The "standard explanation" of the Turing test, in which the task of human evaluator C is to try to determine, through text, which An or B is a computer and which is a person.

The dust of history

Before the establishment of the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in 1956, British researchers had been exploring "machine intelligence" for a decade. This is a common topic among members of the ratio Club, including Alan Turing, whose test is named after him.

Note [1]: the ratio Club is made up of young psychiatrists, psychologists, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers who come together to discuss problems in cybernetics, originated at the University of Cambridge.

Computing machines and Intelligence (Computing Machinery and Intelligence) is the first paper published by Turing devoted to machine intelligence. Turing wrote at the beginning of the paper:

"I suggest considering the question: 'can machines think?"

("I propose to consider the question 'Can machines think?'")

As he emphasized, the traditional way to solve such problems is to start with definitions, defining the terms "machine" and "intelligence". Turing chose not to do so; instead, he suggested changing the question from "can machines think?" Instead of "can machines do what we (as thinking entities) can do?" According to Turing, the advantage of this new problem is that it "draws a fairly clear line between a person's physical and intellectual abilities". To prove this approach, Turing proposed a test inspired by a party game called the Imitation Game. In this game, a man and a woman enter different rooms, and guests try to distinguish them by writing a series of questions and reading printed answers. In this game, the purpose of both men and women is to make guests believe that they are each other.

The picture below is the imitation game described by Alan Turing in Computing machines and Intelligence. Player C tries to determine which of the other two contestants is male and which is female through a series of written questions. Player A (male) tries to trick player C into making the wrong decision, while player B (female) tries to help player C make the right decision.

Imitation game

Although the advent of this game is not an accurate version of the Turing test in later generations, it has laid the model core of the Turing test, which in the evolution of history has inspired people to constantly blow the dust and find the truth.

Current Development and Neural Network

The Turing test lays the foundation of artificial intelligence and provides research direction and ideas for machines to think and judge like human beings. With the deepening of the study of human brain thinking patterns in later generations, a kind of algorithm-neural network, which imitates human neuron thinking, arises at the historic moment.

Neural network is a new algorithm inspired by the structure of neurons in human brain. A simple "neuron" N receives input from a number of other neurons, and when activated, each neuron makes a weighted "vote" on whether the neuron N itself should be activated. The learning algorithm needs to adjust these weights according to the training data.

Neural network schematic diagram

Early successful applications of neural networks include predicting the stock market and controlling cars for self-driving [2]. In 2010, the use of deep learning neural networks promoted artificial intelligence into widespread public awareness and contributed to a sharp rise in corporate spending on artificial intelligence; the number of artificial intelligence-related mergers and acquisitions in 2017 was more than 25 times that of 2015.

Note [2]: I will introduce the relevant knowledge of autopilot in detail in Q & A

Simulation of Learning approximate optimal solution of Neural Network algorithm

Accurate clustering pattern recognition Analysis and Simulation of Neural Network algorithm

From Turing test to neural network, from machine to artificial intelligence, all reflect the unremitting pursuit of human beings on the road of self-seeking. It is believed that artificial intelligence will make a qualitative leap in the future, and Turing, a historical bead, will continue to contribute ideas and directions to the development of later generations.

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