Shulou(Shulou.com)06/02 Report--

In the opening chapter, we learned about the development of computers, which is the concept of computers and the combination of hardware. In this chapter, we talk about how to manage these hardware on the basis of these hardware.

With hardware, computers have bodies just like us, but without thoughts, they can only do some simple mechanical operations and with the help of people, in order to solve this problem.

In 1964, Bell Labs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and General Electric participated in the development of a multiperson and multitasking operating system (Multics) installed on mainframes. Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project because the work on the project was too slow and was eventually abolished. At the time, Ken Thompson was working on a game program called Space Travel. After the Multics project was stopped, UNIX was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, two software engineers at Bell Labs, based on the C language. As for why the author wrote Unix, I don't want to talk about it here. We can refer to other literature for details.

The UNIX operating system was developed by AT&T (Bell Labs). Because its early version was completely free and easily available and modified at will, it was widely accepted. Later, it became the starting point for the development of minicomputer operating systems. Because of its wide application in the early days, it has become a model of operating system. The emergence of Unix has undoubtedly brought rapid development to our computer development.

A computer with an operating system is like a person with ideas. He can give him ideas (programs) in advance according to human beings on the basis of hardware, unlimited work. We said at the beginning that he (Unix) is free, which greatly promotes more computer enthusiasts to study him, and many organizations expand and improve on this source code to form the so-called "Unix variants", which in turn promote the development of Unix, one of the most famous variants is the Berkeley package (BSD) product developed by the University of California, Berkeley. Later, AT&T realized the commercial value of Unix, no longer licensed the Unix source code to academic institutions, and claimed copyright rights to the previous Unix and its variants. BSD has a considerable influence in the historical development of Unix, has been adopted by many commercial manufacturers, and has become the basis of many commercial Unix. Its growing influence finally attracted the attention of AT&T, so it began a long-lasting copyright lawsuit, which lasted until AT&T sold his Unix system lab. The new Novell adopted a more enlightened approach, allowing Berkeley to release its own Unix variants freely, but only if the code from AT&T must be deleted completely, so the 4.4BSD Lite version was born. Since there are no legal problems with this version, 4. 4 BSD Lite has become the basic version of the modern Berkeley software package. Although non-commercial Unix systems have evolved a lot since then, many of them were eventually built on BSD versions (with the exception of Linux, Minix and other systems). So from this point of view, 4. 4 BSD is the foundation of all free versions of Unix, which together with System V and Linux form the bright star of the Unix operating system.

In the decades that followed, Unix was still changing, its copyright owners were changing, and the number of licensees was increasing. The copyright in Unix was once owned by AT&T, then Novell owned Unix, and then Novell sold the rights to the Santa Cruz operation, excluding intellectual property and patents (a fact that is still in dispute). After obtaining the license of Unix, many large companies have developed their own Unix products, such as IBM's AIX, HP's HP-UX, SCO's Openserver, SUN's Solaris (acquired by Oracle) and SGI's IRIX.

Here we take a moment to learn about the windows operating system, when unix filed a copyright lawsuit in 1980, Tim, a programmer from a computer company in Seattle. Patterson, who spent four months developing the DOS operating system, Bill Gates heard that he bought the copyright from him extremely cheaply and installed it on IBM's computer in the form of copyright through a relationship (a member of his mother's IBM board), which made Microsoft famous and Bill Gates successful. At this time, dos is still a dark window, command line interface. How did you get a desktop later? So we have to mention Apple, which has done a very good job in the computer industry so far. Apple has just adopted freeBSD (unix) in its system. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Woznik and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. At first, their calculation money was all command-line. By chance, Jobs went to Xerox. At that time, Xerox developed a computer graphical interface, because the high-level decision of Xerox put the developed graphical interface in the cold. When Jobs saw it, he bought him (graphical interface) to his own company. When Bill Gates heard about it, he went to Jobs and persuaded Jobs to get him a job, too. Because of this, Bill Gates snatched an order from Jobs. So much so that Jobs angrily told Bill Gates that he was a "thief". As for the details, I will not repeat them. This is why we now have a graphical interface system.

At this time, the operating system became the magic weapon of various companies, with the concept of commercial copyright, which was very expensive at that time, and there was a bull Andrew Stewart Tarenbaum for teaching in computer science. He made up his mind to develop another operating system (MINIX), a lightweight Unix-like operating system with a Micro-Kernel architecture. Linus Towaz was curious about the operating system when he was a student at the University of Helsinki in 1991. He was dissatisfied that MINIX was only allowed for educational use (MINIX was not allowed to be used for any commercial use at the time), so he began to write his own operating system, which became the Linux kernel.

In 1983, there was a great man, Richard Matthew Stallman, who thought that the source code developed by programmers should be shared by open source humans, and created the GNU project to break this monopoly. One goal of this project is to develop a completely free Unix-like operating system. Since launching the program in 1984 [13], Richard Matthew Stallman launched the Free Software Foundation in 1985 and wrote GPL in 1989. In this way, GNU develops various applications, Linus Torvalds develops the system kernel, and under the joint efforts of many open source workers, various applications developed by GNU tie the knot with the kernel of Linux and achieve a new kind of unix. As for why he is a kind of unix, not Unix, this should be looked at from a philosophical point of view. Because Linux's system is a modular Unix-like operating system. Most of the design ideas of Linux operating system come from the basic design ideas created by Unix operating system from 1970s to 1980s. The Linux system uses a single kernel, and the Linux kernel handles process control, network, and access to peripherals and file systems. When the system is running, the device driver is either directly integrated with the kernel or added in the form of a load module.

Linux is device independent and its kernel is highly adaptable, which provides more advanced functions for the system. GNU user interface components are an important part of most Linux operating systems, providing common C function libraries, shell, and many common Unix utilities, which can accomplish many basic operating system tasks.

The emergence of Linux makes some businesses and institutions see profits, so there is a Linux distribution. Linux distribution refers to the so-called "Linux operating system", which is generally produced and distributed by some organizations, groups, companies or individuals. The Linux kernel is mainly used as part of the Linux distribution. Generally speaking, a Linux distribution includes the Linux kernel and a set of installation tools to install the entire software on your computer, as well as various GNU software, and other free software, and may include some proprietary software in some Linux distributions. Distributions are made for many different purposes, including support for different computer hardware structures, adjustments to the way ordinary users or developers use them, development for real-time applications or embedded systems, and so on. At present, more than 300 distributions are under active development, with about a dozen of the most commonly used distributions. The more well-known ones are Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu and redhat. The Linux distribution has always been used as the operating system of the server and has occupied an important position in this field. This is the end of the brief introduction of the operating system, let's enter our server field!

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